Fig. 1. Ti³H₂ model (a) and the differential energy spectrum (b) of tritium used in this simulation work

Fig. 2. Trend of surface emission power density and total power emission rate (a), surface emission activity density and total activity emission rate (b), and self-absorption rate of Ti³H₂ source with source thickness (c)

Fig. 3. Simulation model of irradiated voltaic effect nuclear battery based on Ti³H₂

Fig. 4. Distribution of deposition energy and cumulative deposition energy in Si (a), SiC (b), and GaAs (c)

Fig. 5. Variation trend of maximum output power and maximum output power density of nuclear battery based on Ti³H₂ with Si (a), SiC (b), and GaAs (c) thickness

Fig. 6. Distribution of deposition energy and cumulative deposition energy (a), and radioluminescence calculation model in ZnS:Cu fluorescent layer (b)

Fig. 7. Fluorescence transport process in ZnS:Cu fluorescent layer

Fig. 8. Variation trend of fluorescence irradiance emitted from the outer surface of ZnS:Cu fluorescent layer with thickness

Fig. 9. Variation trend of the maximum output power of irradiated photovoltaic effect nuclear battery based on Si and Ti³H₂ with ZnS:Cu fluorescence layer thickness

Fig. 10. Physical diagrams of tritium lamp (a) and GaAs (b), and GaAs external quantum efficiency curve (c)

Fig. 11. I-V and P-V curves of single-layer tritium-based nuclear battery

Fig. 12. Structural model (a) and physical diagram (b) of stacked tritium-based nuclear battery

Fig. 13. I-V(a) and P-V (b) curves of series, parallel stacked and upper, lower single-layer tritium-based nuclear battery