In an effort to resolve the biocompatibility problems of Zr-based bulk metallic glasses in biomedical applications as implant materials, a nanosecond laser was employed to produce dimple and groove textures on a Zr sample surface. The biocompatibility characteristics of the sample surface were evaluated by a cell viability test, cell alignment, and morphology observation. Moreover, the surface modifications induced biocompatibility enhancement mechanism were discussed from the perspective of the surface morphology evolution. The results show that, compared with an untreated sample, the laser-induced groove pattern could significantly enhance osteoblast adhesion on the sample surface and cell viability, which is mainly attributed to the remarkably improved surface roughness. However, the modification effect of the laser-induced dimple pattern on cell viability was undesirable. In addition, the laser-induced grooves and the micro-nanostructures attached in the grooves are the main reasons why the osteoblasts are distributed along the groove direction in or around the grooves.