Simulation of Light Scattering and Imaging of Relay Wall in Non-Line-of-Sight Imaging

Yujie Fang; Xia Wang; Zhibin Sun; Binghua Su

doi:10.3788/AOS221341

Acta Optica Sinica, Volume. 43, Issue 4, 0429001(2023)

Simulation of Light Scattering and Imaging of Relay Wall in Non-Line-of-Sight Imaging

Yujie Fang^1,2、affaff, Xia Wang^1,2、aff*, Zhibin Sun^3,4、aff**, and Binghua Su^2、aff

¹Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Imaging Technology and System, Ministry of Education, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

²Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhuhai, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong, China

³National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China

⁴University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

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Abstract Get PDF(in Chinese)

Figures & Tables(21)

Fig. 1. Influence of different scattering characteristics of reflective surfaces on target signals in non-line-of-sight imaging

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Fig. 2. Non-line-of-sight imaging based on intensity. (a) Plastic letters and ceramic tile; (b) plaster figure and ceramic tile; (c) plaster figure and lime wall; (d) plastic letters and lime wall

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Fig. 3. Reflection distribution. (a) Blinn-Phong model; (b) Torrance-Sparrow model; (c) combined model

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Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of scenario setting of computer simulation

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Fig. 5. Non-line-of-sight simulated images of targets with different scattering characteristics under Lambertian relay wall

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Fig. 6. Comparison of STD of non-line-of-sight images with different scattering characteristics. (a) S of 0; (b) S of 3%; (c) S of 5%

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Fig. 7. Non-line-of-sight images with different scattering characteristics. (a) S: 3%, Ga: 15°; (b) S: 3%, Ga: 30°; (c) S: 3%, Ga: 45°

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Table 1. Combined schemes of target and relay wall with different scattering characteristics

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Table 1. Combined schemes of target and relay wall with different scattering characteristics

Combined scheme	Example
Smooth target+smooth relay wall	Plastic letters+ceramic tile
Smooth target+rough relay wall	Plastic letters+lime wall
Rough target+smooth relay wall	Plaster figure+ceramic tile
Rough target+rough relay wall	Plaster figure+lime wall

Table 2. Material classification that may be associated with different scattering combinations

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Table 2. Material classification that may be associated with different scattering combinations

Gaussian angle+diffuse reflection	Specular 0	Specular 5%	Specular 10%
10°+20%	Matte wall coating，satin	Flat paint，plastic，polished wood	Smooth plastic，painted wood，rough metal
30°+60%	Matte plastic，glossy fabric	Paper，glossy satin	Hard plastic，flat paint
50°+80%	Frosted metal，frosted plastic	Ground glass，rough metal	Smooth paper，withe wall

Table 3. Composition scheme for surface scattering of target
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Table 3. Composition scheme for surface scattering of target
Diffusion /% 100.0 99.9 99.8 99.7 99.6 99.5 99.4 99.3 99.2 99.1
Specular /% 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Table 4. Design of different levels for multiple factors

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Table 4. Design of different levels for multiple factors

No.	Factor	Level
1	S	0	3%	5%
2	Ga	10°	15°	30°	45°	50°
3	S+G+L	0+95%+5%	0+80%+20%	0+60%+40%	0+40%+60%	0+20%+80%	0+5%+95%
4	S+G+L	3%+95%+2%	3%+80%+17%	3%+60%+37%	3%+40%+57%	3%+20%+77%	3%+5%+92%
5	S+G+L	5%+95%+0%	5%+80%+15%	5%+60%+35%	5%+40%+55%	5%+20%+75%	5%+5%+90%

Table 5. Experimental schemes with different factor combinations
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Table 5. Experimental schemes with different factor combinations
S 0 3% 5%
Factor No. 2，3 2，4 2，5

Table 6. Simulation parameter setting
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Table 6. Simulation parameter setting
Parameter Description
Scattering of obstacle and target background 100% Lambert reflector
Scattering of target and relay wall Experimental settings
Sampling number 1000×1000
Beam number 8×10⁷
Wavelength 850 nm

Table 7. Computer configuration
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Table 7. Computer configuration
Device Description
CPU i7-10700K
RAM 32 GB
Display card GeForce RTX 3070
Display RAM 8 GB

Table 8. STD data of non-line-of-sight images at S of 0

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Table 8. STD data of non-line-of-sight images at S of 0

Ga /（ $°$ ）	95%+5%	80%+20%	60%+40%	40%+60%	20%+80%	5%+95%
10	0.4000	0.3395	0.2537	0.1710	0.0874	0.0292
15	0.2646	0.2240	0.1691	0.1140	0.0599	0.0247
30	0.1129	0.0960	0.0750	0.0535	0.0335	0.0220
45	0.0655	0.0576	0.0471	0.0370	0.0276	0.0216
50	0.0577	0.0513	0.0427	0.0344	0.0266	0.0215

Table 9. STD data of non-line-of-sight images at S of 3%

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Table 9. STD data of non-line-of-sight images at S of 3%

Ga /（ $°$ ）	95%+2%	80%+17%	60%+37%	40%+57%	20%+77%	5%+92%
10	0.4069	0.3431	0.2598	0.1763	0.0925	0.0337
15	0.2739	0.2320	0.1772	0.1220	0.0679	0.0313
30	0.1224	0.1060	0.0843	0.0628	0.0422	0.0290
45	0.0738	0.0660	0.0552	0.0450	0.0351	0.0283
50	0.0654	0.0590	0.0503	0.0420	0.0338	0.0282

Table 10. STD data of non-line-of-sight images at S of 5%

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Table 10. STD data of non-line-of-sight images at S of 5%

Ga /（ $°$ ）	95%+0	80%+15%	60%+35%	40%+55%	20%+75%	5%+90%
10	0.4105	0.3471	0.2631	0.1797	0.0964	0.0372
15	0.2785	0.2369	0.1824	0.1282	0.0681	0.0372
30	0.1296	0.1131	0.0840	0.0702	0.0503	0.0372
45	0.0810	0.0734	0.0630	0.0528	0.0435	0.0371
50	0.0726	0.0665	0.0580	0.0501	0.0425	0.0373

Table 11. Results of test 1 using variance analysis
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Table 11. Results of test 1 using variance analysis
Source SS df MS F p
Error 0.064 20 0.003
Distance 0.305 1 0.305 95.588 0
Scattering angle 0.137 4 0.034 10.771 0
Test 1 0.093 5 0.019 5.824 0.002

Table 12. Results of test 2 using variance analysis
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Table 12. Results of test 2 using variance analysis
Source SS df MS F p
Error 0.064 20 0.003
Distance 0.351 1 0.351 110.367 0
Scattering angle 0.134 4 0.033 10.502 0
Test 2 0.095 5 0.019 5.935 0.002

Table 13. Results of test 3 using variance analysis
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Table 13. Results of test 3 using variance analysis
Source SS df MS F p
Error 0.064 20 0.003
Distance 0.392 1 0.392 121.082 0
Scattering angle 0.127 4 0.032 9.808 0
Test 3 0.093 5 0.019 5.775 0.002

Table 14. Results of multi-factors using variance analysis
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Table 14. Results of multi-factors using variance analysis
Source SS df MS F p
Error 0.192 78 0.002
Distance 1.045 1 1.045 423.995 0
Specular 0.003 2 0.001 0.560 0.573
Gaussian and Lambert 0.281 5 0.056 22.776 0
Scattering angle 0.398 4 0.099 40.355 0

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Yujie Fang, Xia Wang, Zhibin Sun, Binghua Su. Simulation of Light Scattering and Imaging of Relay Wall in Non-Line-of-Sight Imaging[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2023, 43(4): 0429001

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