Fig. 1. Diagram of differences in simulation process. (a) Laser cladding; (b) high-speed laser cladding

Fig. 2. Geometric models and meshing results. (a) Flat plate; (b) shaft

Fig. 3. Macro morphology of cladding layer under different scanning speeds

Fig. 4. Comparison of the cladding layer obtained through experiment and simulation. (a) Macro morphology (top: experimental result); (b) cross section of cladding layer (left: experimental result)

Fig. 5. Morphology of the claddings on flat plate at different cladding speeds

Fig. 6. Morphology of the claddings on outer shaft surface at different cladding speeds

Fig. 7. Comparative schematic diagram of different parts heating surfaces under the same laser radius. (a) Flat plate; (b) curved surface

Fig. 8. Morphology of the claddings on inner shaft surface at different scanning speeds

Fig. 9. Cladding results with or without gravity on the inner shaft surface, when cladding speed is 0.2 m/s. (a) With gravity; (b) without gravity

Fig. 10. Width of the cladding at different cladding speeds

Fig. 11. Temperature changes at temperature monitoring points on the flat plate, when cladding speed is 0.4 m/s (dashed box represents the location of monitoring points)

Fig. 12. Height of the cladding with different cladding speeds

Fig. 13. Schematic diagram of laser position for multi-channel cladding

Fig. 14. 3D morphology of multi-pass cladding on the flat plate at a cladding speed of 0.3 m/s

Fig. 15. Morphology of multi-pass cladding on the flat plat at a cladding speed of 0.3 m/s

Fig. 16. 3D morphology of multi-pass cladding on the outer shaft at a cladding speed of 0.3 m/s

Fig. 17. Morphology of multi-pass cladding on the outer shaft at a cladding speed of 0.3 m/s

Fig. 18. 3D morphology of multi-pass cladding on the inner shaft at a cladding speed of 0.3 m/s

Fig. 19. Morphology of multi-pass cladding on the inner shaft at a cladding speed of 0.3 m/s

Fig. 20. Dynamic evolution of the molten pool after reaching a stable state when the cladding speed is 0.5 m/s at moment t₀ on the flat plate

Fig. 21. Dynamic evolution of the molten pool after reaching a stable state when the cladding speed is 0.5 m/s at moment t₁ on the outer shaft

Fig. 22. Dynamic evolution of the molten pool after reaching a stable state when the cladding speed is 0.5 m/s at moment t₂ on the inner shaft

Fig. 23. Distribution of temperature gradient in the longitudinal section of the molten pool on different workpieces. (a) Flat plate; (b) outer shaft; (c) inner shaft