This study utilizes a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to conduct high-speed laser cladding on flat plates, outer shafts, and inner shafts. The research aims to investigate the influence of process parameters on the clad morphology and molten pool. The differences in the dynamic evolution of molten pools during single and multi-pass cladding on different workpieces are analyzed. The results indicate that as the cladding speed increases, the molten pool gradually decreases in size. With the same process parameters applied, the molten pool on the flat plate is the largest, and the width and height of the clad layer decrease with the increase in cladding speed. With identical process parameters, the clad layer on the flat plate has the smallest width and the highest height; meanwhile, the clad layer width and height on the outer shaft are both smaller than those on the inner shaft. During the multi-pass cladding process, the molten pool increases in size with the addition of cladding passes. It is noteworthy that starting from the second pass, each scanned pass leads to an increase in the clad layer width greater than the set hatch spacing, and this increase further grows with the increase in the number of scanning passes. On the outer and inner shafts, the molten pool exhibits flow in different flow dynamics due to the effect of gravity, while on the flat plate, gravity has a relatively minor impact on molten pool flow. In the longitudinal section of the clad layer center on flat plates, outer shafts, and inner shafts, the dynamic evolution of molten pools follows a similar flow pattern. The liquid inside the molten pool flows towards the end of the pool under the combined effects of Marangoni force and surface tension. The maximum flow velocities of the molten pool are 0.931 m/s, 0.964 m/s, and 1.385 m/s, with the lowest flow velocity observed on the flat plate and the highest on the inner shaft. The temperature gradient decreases as the cladding speed increases. Under equivalent cladding speeds, the highest temperature gradient is observed on the flat plate, whereas the lowest temperature gradient is noted on the inner shaft.