Chinese Optics Letters, Volume. 23, Issue 6, 062601(2025)

Generation and manipulation of multiple multidimensional perfect Poincaré beams enabled by a single-layer all-dielectric geometric metasurface

Ximin Tian1, Shenglan Zhang1, Yaning Xu1, Junwei Xu1、*, Yafeng Huang2, Liang Li1, Jielong Liu1, Kun Xu1, Xiaolong Ma1, Linjie Fu1, and Zhi-Yuan Li2、**
Author Affiliations
  • 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics, Zhengzhou 450046, China
  • 2College of Physics and Optoelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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    Figures & Tables(5)
    Schematic diagram and working principle for generating multiple PPBs with polarization variation along arbitrary spatial trajectories through a single geometric metasurface. (a) Top, schematic illustrations of a metasurface device capable of producing multiple PPBs with tailored polarization states along customized 3D spatial paths when illuminated by LP light. Bottom, phase profiles embedded on the metasurface achieved by combining the phases of a spiral phase plate, an axicon, and a Fourier lens. (b) Left, operation principle for the generation of PPB with the proposed geometric metasurface. Right, perspective and top views showcasing the anisotropic elementary unit comprising a Ge2Sb2Se4Te1 (GSST) nanopillar array arranged on a CaF2 square substrate. (c) Simulated transmission coefficients (Txx, Tyy) and phase shifts (ϕxx, ϕyy) of the optimized meta-atom under x- and y-polarized illuminations across various incident wavelengths.
    Generation of four distinct mode PPBs (mode 1, mode 2, mode 3, and mode 4) using four metasurface samples (MF1, MF2, MF3, and MF4) under x-linearly polarized illumination. (a) Simulated electric field intensities in the x–z plane for the four-mode PPBs at the operational wavelength of λo = 4.4 µm. (b) Simulated horizontal cross-sections of the annular intensity at the designed focal position z = 200 µm for the four distinct mode PPBs. (c) Theoretical (black bars) and simulated (red bars) radii of the annular intensity for the four distinct mode PPBs at the designed focal position z = 200 µm. (d) Simulated radii of the annular intensity for the four-mode PPBs in two additional observation planes at z = 140 and z = 260 µm. (e) The thickness of the annular intensity for the four-mode PPBs at the designated focal position z = 200 µm. (f) Four selected points on HyOPS representing distinct polarization states of the four-mode PPBs sequentially generated by four metasurfaces. (g) Simulated component intensity patterns at focal planes captured through polarizers oriented differently for the four-mode PPBs. (h) Computed Stokes parameters (S0, S1, S2, and S3) and polarization orientations (Ω) at focal planes for the four-mode PPBs. The white arrows within S0 patterns indicate the polarization states of the four-mode PPBs.
    Generation of eightfold PPBs with varying polarizations along the designated cylindrical helical trajectory using metasurface sample MF5 under x-linearly polarized illumination. (a) Simulated cross-sectional intensity profiles of the Ex-components in the eight prescribed focal planes following the designated cylindrical helical path. (b) Theoretical (black bars) and simulated (red bars) radii of the annular intensity for the eightfold PPBs in their individual focal planes. (c) The precise spatial positions of the eightfold PPBs along the designated cylindrical helical path in 3D space. (d) The longitudinal polarization evolution of the generated eightfold PPBs on the HyOPS. (e) Rows 1 to 6: simulated component intensity patterns at focal planes captured through polarizers oriented differently for the eightfold PPBs generated by a single metasurface. Rows 7 to 11: calculated Stokes parameters (S0, S1, S2, and S3) and polarization orientations (Ω) at focal planes for the eightfold PPBs. The white arrows within the S0 patterns indicate the polarization states of the eightfold PPBs.
    Schematic of the metasurface sample MF6-based OAM and polarization state multi-dimensional encoding for optical information encryption. (a1) Schematic representation of encoding 32-fold PPBs within two target focal planes using MF6 under x-linearly polarized illumination. (a2) Designed 16 polarization orders ranging from 1 to 8.5 with an increment of 0.5. (a3) Designed 16 polarization orientations ranging from 0 to π with an increment of π/15. (b) and (c) Column 1: simulated cross-sectional intensity profiles of transmitted orthogonally polarized PVB arrays on the (b) first and (c) second target focal planes produced by MF6 under LCP incidence. Columns 2 and 3: calculated x- and y-component intensities of PPB arrays on the (b) first and (c) second target focal planes generated by MF6 under x-linearly polarized incidence. Column 4: simulated electric vector distributions (top panel) and polarization orientations (bottom panel) of PPBs carrying polarization order p = 1. (d) Designed 32 double-digit hexadecimal numbers from 00 to FF represented by 32 different kinds of PPBs. Here, 2 polarization orientations Ω, 0 and π, denote the first hexadecimal digits 0 and F, 16 polarization orders p spanning from 1 to 8.5 with increments of 0.5, correspond to the second hexadecimal digit from 0 to F. (e) Encoding method and code chart. This encoding scheme can effectively map the 26 English letters and 6 function keys on a standard keyboard with our designed 32 double-digit hexadecimal numbers from 00 to FF. (f) The revealed 115 various double-digit hexadecimal number sequences representing the encrypted information decoded based on ASCII. (g) and (h) Plaintext message decrypted by the received 115 double-digit hexadecimal numbers.
    • Table 1. Selected Parameters S, C, lL, lR, Δx, and Δy for the 32-fold PPBs

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      Table 1. Selected Parameters S, C, lL, lR, Δx, and Δy for the 32-fold PPBs

      SClLlRΔx (μm)Δy (μm)
      11−89−150350
      21/8−22−50350
      31/4−4450350
      41−88150350
      51/8−11−150250
      61/2−66−50250
      71/2−5650250
      81/8−12150250
      91/4−33−150150
      101/2−55−50150
      111/2−6750150
      121/8−23150150
      131−78−15050
      141/4−34−5050
      151/4−455050
      161−7715050
      171/8−11−150−50
      181/4−44−50−50
      191/4−4550−50
      201/8−12150−50
      211/2−56−150−150
      221/8−23−50−150
      231/2−6650−150
      241/2−55150−150
      251−77−150−250
      261−78−50−250
      271−8950−250
      281/8−22150−250
      291/4−33−150−350
      301−88−50−350
      311/2−6750−350
      321/4−34150−350
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    Ximin Tian, Shenglan Zhang, Yaning Xu, Junwei Xu, Yafeng Huang, Liang Li, Jielong Liu, Kun Xu, Xiaolong Ma, Linjie Fu, Zhi-Yuan Li, "Generation and manipulation of multiple multidimensional perfect Poincaré beams enabled by a single-layer all-dielectric geometric metasurface," Chin. Opt. Lett. 23, 062601 (2025)

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    Paper Information

    Category: Physical Optics

    Received: Aug. 29, 2024

    Accepted: Jan. 7, 2025

    Posted: Jan. 7, 2025

    Published Online: May. 23, 2025

    The Author Email: Junwei Xu (xujunwei001@zua.edu.cn), Zhi-Yuan Li (phzyli@scut.edu.cn)

    DOI:10.3788/COL202523.062601

    CSTR:32184.14.COL202523.062601

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