Progress on High-Power Supercontinuum Laser Sources at 3-5 μm

Linyong Yang; Bin Zhang; Jing Hou

doi:10.3788/CJL202249.0101001

Chinese Journal of Lasers, Volume. 49, Issue 1, 0101001(2022)

Progress on High-Power Supercontinuum Laser Sources at 3-5 μm

Linyong Yang^1,2,3, Bin Zhang^1,2,3, and Jing Hou^1,2,3、*

¹College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China

²State Key Laboratory of Pulsed Power Laser Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China

³Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of High Energy Laser Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China

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Figures & Tables(28)

Fig. 1. Typical fiber loss profiles in long-wavelength side for common fiber materials^[42]

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Fig. 2. Technical schemes of high power MIR-SC fiber lasers. (a) Based on passive nonlinear fiber; (b) based on fiber amplifier

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Fig. 3. SC laser spectrum at output power of 10.5 W^[58]

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Fig. 4. SC laser spectra obtained by directly pumping ZBLAN fiber with 2 μm pulsed fiber laser^[70]

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Fig. 5. Spectra of SC laser with output power of 13 W^[59]

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Fig. 6. Spectra of SC laser with output power of 21.8 W^[60]

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Fig. 7. All-fiber SC laser^[75]. (a) Schematic of experimental setup; (b) microscope photo of fusion splicing joint; photos of end surfaces of (c) silica and (d) ZBLAN fibers after pulling apart

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Fig. 8. Experimental layout of spectrally-flat MIR-SC laser^[73]

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Fig. 9. Output spectrum of spectrally-flat MIR-SC laser^[73]

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Fig. 10. SC laser spectra for different output powers^[62]

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Fig. 11. MIR-SC laser with average power of 30 W^[57]. (a) Structural diagram; (b) spectra

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Fig. 12. MIR-SC laser spectra for average power of 20.6 W^[76]

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Fig. 13. Er³⁺∶ZBLAN fiber amplifier^[64]. (a) Layout of experimental setup; (b) spectral characteristics of SC laser

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Fig. 14. Output spectra for different Er³⁺∶ZBLAN fiber lengths^[65]

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Fig. 15. Ho³⁺∶ZBLAN fiber amplifier^[66]. (a) Layout of experimental setup; (b) SC spectra

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Fig. 16. Output spectra of MIR-SC laser based on EDZFA^[67]

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Fig. 17. Er³⁺∶ZBLAN all-fiber amplifier^[87]. (a) Layout of experimental setup; (b) SC spectral evolution

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Fig. 18. 0.75-5.1 μm SC laser^[95]. (a) Layout of experimental setup; (b) SC spectra

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Fig. 19. Experiment of watt level SC laser based on InF₃ fiber^[88]. (a) Experimental setup; (b) SC laser spectra

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Fig. 20. Spectra of SC laser based on InF₃ fiber for different pump powers^[96]

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Fig. 21. Spectra of 10 W level MIR SC laser pumped by 1960 nm picosecond laser^[98]

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Fig. 22. MIR-SC laser spectra for average power of 11.8 W^[82]

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Fig. 23. Spectra of 19.6 W MIR-SC laser based on tellurite fiber^[99]

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Fig. 24. Spectra of watt-level SC laser based on As₂S₃ fiber^[56]

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Table 1. Dominant nonlinear effects under different dispersion regimes and different pump pulse durations ^[36]

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Table 1. Dominant nonlinear effects under different dispersion regimes and different pump pulse durations ^[36]

Condition	Sub-picosecond pulse	Picosecond and longer pulse
Normal group velocity dispersion	Self-phase modulation, four wave mixing, and Raman scattering	Four wave mixing, Raman scattering, and self-phase modulation
Anomalous group velocity dispersion	Soliton fission, Raman induced SFSS, and dispersive wave generation	Modulation instability, Raman induced SFSS, and dispersive wave generation

Table 2. Typical physical and chemical parameters of common optical fibers ^[54]

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Table 2. Typical physical and chemical parameters of common optical fibers ^[54]

Characteristic	Parameter	Silica	Tellurite	Fluoride			Chalcogenide
Characteristic	Parameter	Silica	Tellurite	AlF₃	ZBLAN	InF₃	As₂S₃	As₂Se₃
Dispersion characteristic	Material refractive index	1.45	~2	1.46	1.48-1.53	1.47-1.53	2.415	2.83
Dispersion characteristic	Typical bulk ZDW /μm	1.26	2.13	-	1.71	~1.8	4.81	7.5
Loss characteristic	Phonon energy /cm^-1	1100	800	-	550	-	350	-
	Bulk transmission window /μm	0.2-3.5	0.4-5.0	-	0.3-7.5	0.3-9.5	0.8-7.0	1-15
	Fiber transmission window /μm	0.4-2.5	-	0.3-3.5	0.5-4.5	0.5-5.5	1.0-6.0	1.5-10.0
Nonlinear characteristic	Raman frequency shift /THz	13.2	21	-	~17.7	-	10.2	~7.2
	Self-focus threshold at 2 μm /MW	15.1	0.57	-	12	12	0.08	0.03
	Nonlinear refractive index /(10^-20 m²·W^-1)	2.6	19	-	3.3	-	300	1500
Thermal characteristic	Transition temperature /℃	1000	300	367	260	300	185	178
	Thermal conductivity /(W·m^-1·K^-1)	1.38	1.25	-	0.628	-	0.2	-
	Thermal expansion coefficient /(10^-6 K^-1)	0.55	12-17	18.6	17.2	-	14	-

Table 3. Parameters of SC lasers with output power >10 W based on undoped fluoride fibers

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Table 3. Parameters of SC lasers with output power >10 W based on undoped fluoride fibers

Year	Central wavelength of seed laser	Pulse duration	Pulse repetition rate	Amplifier type	Output power of fiber amplifier	Coupling method	Coupling efficiency	SC characteristic			Ref.
Year	Central wavelength of seed laser	Pulse duration	Pulse repetition rate	Amplifier type	Output power of fiber amplifier	Coupling method	Coupling efficiency	Spectral range /μm	Power /W	Conversion efficiency /%	Ref.
2009	1550 nm	400 ps	3.33 MHz	EYDFA	20.2 W	Mechanical splice	>60%	0.8-4.0	10.5	52.0	[58]
2013	1960 nm	26.7 ps	29.4 MHz	LMA-TDFA	31.5 W	Mechanical splice	90% @1.15 W, 66% @31.5 W	1.9-4.3	13	41.3	[59]
2014	2.0-2.5 μm			SM-TDFA		Mechanical splice	80%	1.9-3.5	16.2	-	[74]
2014	1963 nm	24 ps	93.6 MHz	SM-TDFA	42 W	Mechanical splice	70%-80%	1.9-3.8	21.8	51.9	[60]
2016	1950 nm	12.6 ps	75.4 MHz	LMA-TDFA	16.3 W	Fusion splice	80.2%	1.9-4.1	10.67	65.3	[61]
2017	2.0-2.7 μm	1 ns	6 MHz	LMA-TDFA	30.1 W	Fusion splice		1.9-4.25	15.2	50.5	[62]
2019	1.9-2.6 μm	3 ns	3 MHz	SM-TDFA	41.9 W	Fusion splice	94.4% @2000 nm	1.9-3.35	30.0	73.1	[57]
2020	2.0-2.6 μm	1 ns	3 MHz	SM-TDFA	37.9 W	Fusion splice	94.2% @2000 nm	1.92-4.29	20.6	54.3	[57]

Table 4. Parameters of SC lasers based on undoped InF₃ fibers

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Table 4. Parameters of SC lasers based on undoped InF₃ fibers

Year	Seed laser pulse duration	Pulse repetition rate	Amplifier type	Pump wavelength	Output power of fiber amplifier	Core diameter /μm	Coupling method	SC characteristic			Ref.
Year	Seed laser pulse duration	Pulse repetition rate	Amplifier type	Pump wavelength	Output power of fiber amplifier	Core diameter /μm	Coupling method	20 dB spectral range /μm	Power /W	Conversion efficiency /%	Ref.
2013	70 fs		OPA	3.4 μm		16	Lens coupling	2.7-4.7	0.0001	-	[89]
2016	400 ps	2 kHz	EDZFA	2.7-3.1 μm	21.8 mW	13.5	Lens coupling/fusion splice	2.5-5.3	0.008	37.4	[93]
2016	70 ps	1 kHz	OPG	2.02 μm		9	Lens coupling	1.9-5.3	0.008	-	[40]
2018	400 ps	20 kHz	EDZFA			10	Lens coupling/fusion splice	2.75-5.40	0.145	-	[65]
2015	100 fs	50 MHz	TDFA	1.9-2.2 μm	570 mW	7	Lens coupling	1.25-4.20	0.25	43.9	[91]
2018	50 ps	1 MHz	TDFA	1.9-2.7 μm	2.3 W	9.5	Mechanical splice	1.7-4.9	1.0	43.5	[94]
2018	1 ns	100 kHz	TDFA	2.0-2.7 μm	2.27 W	7.5	Fusion splice	1.60-5.07	1.35	59.5	[88]
2018	1 ns	1 MHz	TDFA	2.0-2.7 μm	6.41 W	7.5	Fusion splice	2.0-4.8	4.06	63.3	[88]
2018	35 ps	1 MHz	TDFA	1950 nm	6.36 W	9	Lens coupling	0.75-4.9	1.76	27.7	[95]
2019	400 ps	200 kHz	TDFA	1960 nm	4.9 W	7.5	Lens coupling	1.90-4.65	3	60	[96]
2020	90 ns	60 kHz	TDFA	2 μm	15 W	7.5	Lens coupling	2.0-3.9	7	46.7	[97]
2019	60 ps	33 MHz	TDFA	2 μm	17 W	7.5	Fusion splice	1.85-4.53	11.3	66.5	[98]
2020	1 ns	1.5 MHz	TDFA	2.0-2.7 μm	18.3 W	7.5	Fusion splice	1.96-4.77	11.8	64.5	[82]

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Linyong Yang, Bin Zhang, Jing Hou. Progress on High-Power Supercontinuum Laser Sources at 3-5 μm[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2022, 49(1): 0101001

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Paper Information

Category: laser devices and laser physics

Received: Aug. 31, 2021

Accepted: Oct. 28, 2021

Published Online: Dec. 13, 2021

The Author Email: Hou Jing (houjing25@sina.com)

DOI:10.3788/CJL202249.0101001

Topics

laser devices and laser physics

Lasers and Laser Optics

Laser physics

laser manufacturing

Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology

Table 1. Dominant nonlinear effects under different dispersion regimes and different pump pulse durations [36]

Table 1. Dominant nonlinear effects under different dispersion regimes and different pump pulse durations [36]

Table 2. Typical physical and chemical parameters of common optical fibers [54]

Table 2. Typical physical and chemical parameters of common optical fibers [54]

Table 3. Parameters of SC lasers with output power >10 W based on undoped fluoride fibers

Table 3. Parameters of SC lasers with output power >10 W based on undoped fluoride fibers

Table 4. Parameters of SC lasers based on undoped InF3 fibers

Table 4. Parameters of SC lasers based on undoped InF3 fibers

Table 1. Dominant nonlinear effects under different dispersion regimes and different pump pulse durations ^[36]

Table 1. Dominant nonlinear effects under different dispersion regimes and different pump pulse durations ^[36]

Table 2. Typical physical and chemical parameters of common optical fibers ^[54]

Table 2. Typical physical and chemical parameters of common optical fibers ^[54]

Table 4. Parameters of SC lasers based on undoped InF₃ fibers

Table 4. Parameters of SC lasers based on undoped InF₃ fibers