Fig. 1. Liquid phase LIBS and laser-beam-transmission, combined detection. (a) Experimental setup; (b) timing sequences

Fig. 2. Typical five couples of LIBS signals and corresponding LBTP signals taken under same laser shot

Fig. 3. Breakdown probability as a function of laser pulse energy obtained by using LIBS data (squares, dash-dot line) and LBTP data (circles, short-dash line). Data are fitted with a Sigmoidal curve

Fig. 4. (a) Peak area of Na (squares), Li (circles), and K (triangles) atomic lines and negative peak area of LBTP signal (stars) as a function of laser pulse energy and (b) correlation analysis between LIBS signal and LBTP signal

Fig. 5. Comparison of LIBS results without and with the normalization by LBTP signals. (a) Peak intensity of Na I, (b) calibration curve of Na⁺, (c) peak intensity of Li I, (d) calibration curve of Li⁺, (e) peak intensity of K I, and (f) calibration curve of K⁺ before/after correction