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Acta Optica Sinica, Volume. 45, Issue 18, 1801003(2025)

Status and Prospects of Global Integrated Ground-Based Atmospheric Observation Network (Invited)

Dong Liu1,2、*, Zhisheng Zhang1,2,3, Zhiqiang Kuang4, Yingwei Xia5, Yin Cheng6, Zhenzhu Wang1, Decheng Wu1,7, and Yingjian Wang1
Author Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Optics, CAS, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui , China
  • 2Nanhu Laser Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, Hunan , China
  • 3Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui , China
  • 4Hefei CAS GBo-Qua. Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Hefei 230088, Anhui , China
  • 5Opto-Electronics Technology Research Center, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui , China
  • 6Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, CAS, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui , China
  • 7State Key Laboratory of Laser Interaction with Matter, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui , China
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    AbstractGet PDF(in Chinese)
    Figures&Tables (24)
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    References (78)
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    Paper Information
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    Figures & Tables(24)
    Observation tasks of NDACC working groups[36]

    Fig. 1. Observation tasks of NDACC working groups[36]

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    AERONET partial data products[48]

    Fig. 2. AERONET partial data products[48]

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    ARM observatories and aerial platforms[52]

    Fig. 3. ARM observatories and aerial platforms[52]

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    Sites currently deployed and under continuous observation. (a) Beijing site; (b) Hefei site; (c) Tomsk site

    Fig. 4. Sites currently deployed and under continuous observation. (a) Beijing site; (b) Hefei site; (c) Tomsk site

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    Physical appearance image of mIRLidar

    Fig. 5. Physical appearance image of mIRLidar

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    Schematic diagram of mIRLidar[69]

    Fig. 6. Schematic diagram of mIRLidar[69]

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    Range corrected signal and depolarization ratio observed by mIRLidar from February 9 to 11, 2022. (a) Range corrected signal; (b) depolarization ratio

    Fig. 7. Range corrected signal and depolarization ratio observed by mIRLidar from February 9 to 11, 2022. (a) Range corrected signal; (b) depolarization ratio

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    Changes in particle mass concentrations at the Beijing site from February 9 to 11, 2022

    Fig. 8. Changes in particle mass concentrations at the Beijing site from February 9 to 11, 2022

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    Physical appearance image of ASC200 all sky camera

    Fig. 9. Physical appearance image of ASC200 all sky camera

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    System schematic diagram of ASC200 all sky camera

    Fig. 10. System schematic diagram of ASC200 all sky camera

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    Variation of visible and infrared cloud cover observed by ASC200 all sky camera on October 1, 2023

    Fig. 11. Variation of visible and infrared cloud cover observed by ASC200 all sky camera on October 1, 2023

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    Infrared original and cloud images, visible original and cloud images at 08:00—14:00 on October 1, 2023 (in pseudocolour cloud maps, red indicates thick clouds, green indicates thin clouds, blue indicates the sky, black indicates obstructions at the edge of the image, and the inner black area indicates the position of the sun). (a) At 8 o’clock; (b) at 10 o’clock; (c) at 12 o’clock; (d) at 14 o’clock

    Fig. 12. Infrared original and cloud images, visible original and cloud images at 08:00—14:00 on October 1, 2023 (in pseudocolour cloud maps, red indicates thick clouds, green indicates thin clouds, blue indicates the sky, black indicates obstructions at the edge of the image, and the inner black area indicates the position of the sun). (a) At 8 o’clock; (b) at 10 o’clock; (c) at 12 o’clock; (d) at 14 o’clock

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    Physical diagram of DSG2 laser raindrop spectrometer

    Fig. 13. Physical diagram of DSG2 laser raindrop spectrometer

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    System schematic diagram of DSG2 laser raindrop spectrometer

    Fig. 14. System schematic diagram of DSG2 laser raindrop spectrometer

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    Raindrop spectra detected by laser raindrop spectrometer

    Fig. 15. Raindrop spectra detected by laser raindrop spectrometer

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    Rainfall detected by laser raindrop spectrometer

    Fig. 16. Rainfall detected by laser raindrop spectrometer

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    • Table 1. NDACC instrumentation and key measurement parameters

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      Table 1. NDACC instrumentation and key measurement parameters

      AltitudeInstrumentPrimary measurement
      0‒10 km (troposphere)FTIR; ozonesondes; lidar; microwave spectrometer; frost point hygrometer sondes; UV-Vis; backscatter sondesO3; H2O; Fy/Cly/Bry; NOy; GHGs; VOC; aerosols
      10‒45 km (stratosphere)FTIR; microwave spectrometer; ozonesondes; lidar; frost point hygrometer sondes; microwave; UV-Vis; backscatter sondesO3; H2O; Fy/Cly/Bry; NOy; GHGs; VOC; aerosols; temperature; wind
      45‒80 km (mesosphere)FTIR; microwave spectrometer; lidar; UV-VisO3; H2O; Fy/Cly/Bry; NOy; GHGs; VOC; temperature; wind

    • Table 2. ARM equipment and observation types

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      Table 2. ARM equipment and observation types

      Location typeInstrumentPrimary measurement
      FixedAtmospheric emitted radiance interferometer （AERI）； aerosol chemical speciation monitor； two-dimensional stereo prob （2D-S）； 50 MHz radar wind profiler； et al.Aerosols， radiometry， airborne observations， cloud properties， atmospheric profiling， et al.
      MobileCimel sunphotometer； atmospheric emitted radiance interferometer （AERI）； the cloud， aerosol， and precipitation spectrometer； et al.Aerosols， radiometry， airborne observations， cloud properties， atmospheric profiling， satellite observations， et al.
      Long-term mobileAtmospheric emitted radiance interferometer （AERI）； cloud condensation nuclei particle counter； ceilometer； Doppler lidar； et al.Aerosols， radiometry， airborne observations， cloud properties， atmospheric profiling， et al.

    • Table 3. Distribution of ANSO-AON observation sites

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      Table 3. Distribution of ANSO-AON observation sites

      SiteLocationAltitude /mCharacteristics
      Beijing39.9°N, 116.4°E59Urban (Jing-Jin-ji)
      Hefei31.8°N, 117.2°E36Urban (Yangtze River Delta)
      Moscow55.7°N, 37.6°E156High latitude area
      Tomsk56.4°N, 84.9°E177High latitude area
      Minsk53.9°N, 27.5°E220High latitude area

    • Table 4. Comparison of ANSO-AON and international atmospheric observation networks

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      Table 4. Comparison of ANSO-AON and international atmospheric observation networks

      Atmospheric observation networkPrimary instrumentObservational capability
      NDACC

      Brewer, Dobson, FIR spectrometer, microwave

      radiometer, sonde, UV spectroradiometer,

      UV/visible spectrometer

      Aerosol, BrO, CH4, ozone, temperature,

      tropospheric ozone, spectral UV irradiance,

      wind, et al.

      EARLINETLidarAerosol
      AERONETSun photometerAerosol optical depth
      ARM

      Atmospheric emitted radiance interferometer,

      two-dimensional stereo probe (2D-S),

      aerosol chemical speciation monitor, et al.

      		Radiometric, cloud properties, aerosol, surface properties, atmospheric profile, ocean observation, et al.
      ANSO-AON

      Lidar, automatic cloud observing instrument, laser

      raindrop spectrometer

      		Aerosol, atmospheric boundary layer, cloud, precipitation

    • Table 5. Key technical parameters of mIRLidar

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      Table 5. Key technical parameters of mIRLidar

      ParameterValue
      Wavelength1064 nm
      Pulse energy15 μJ
      Pulse repetition frequency5 kHz
      Telescope diameter100 mm
      FOV1.5 mrad
      Range resolution7.5 m

    • Table 6. Lidar ratio and Angstrom wavelength index of continental aerosols[76]

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      Table 6. Lidar ratio and Angstrom wavelength index of continental aerosols[76]

      Aerosol typeS355 /srS532 /srS1064 /srA255/532A355/1064A532/1064
      Continental clean38.0241.0035.681.171.321.40
      Continental average41.5444.4439.971.191.321.40
      Continental polluted44.0347.3946.251.241.381.47
      Urban49.7452.5551.541.241.341.40

    • Table 7. Lidar data product grade

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      Table 7. Lidar data product grade

      ProductProduct nameProduct contentSpatial coverageTemporal coverage /h
      Level 0L0Raw dataProfile24
      Level 1L1-ROCRange-square and overlap correctedProfile24
      Level 2L2-ALayAerosol layerProfile24
      L2-CLayCloud layerProfile24
      L2-BLayBoundary layerProfile24
      L2-ACECAerosol and cloud extinction coefficientProfile24
      L2-ACBCAerosol and cloud backscatter coefficientProfile24
      L2-ACODAerosol and cloud optical depthProfile24
      L2-ACDRAerosol and cloud depolarization ratioProfile24
      L2-AVFMAerosol location and types （vertical feature mask）Profile and false-color image24
      L2-CVFMCloud location and types （vertical feature mask）Profile and false-color image24

    • Table 8. Data product grade of ASC200 all sky camera

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      Table 8. Data product grade of ASC200 all sky camera

      ProductProduct nameProduct contentTemporal coverage /h
      Level 1L1Raw data24
      Level 2L2_CLD-COVCloud cover24
      L2_CLD-SHACloud shape24
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    Dong Liu, Zhisheng Zhang, Zhiqiang Kuang, Yingwei Xia, Yin Cheng, Zhenzhu Wang, Decheng Wu, Yingjian Wang. Status and Prospects of Global Integrated Ground-Based Atmospheric Observation Network (Invited)[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2025, 45(18): 1801003

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    Paper Information

    Category: Atmospheric Optics and Oceanic Optics

    Received: May. 12, 2025

    Accepted: Jun. 17, 2025

    Published Online: Sep. 16, 2025

    The Author Email: Dong Liu (dliu@aiofm.cas.cn)

    DOI:10.3788/AOS251076

    CSTR:32393.14.AOS251076

    Topics

    laser devices and laser physics
    Lasers and Laser Optics
    Laser physics
    laser manufacturing
    Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology