Fig. 1. Metasurface-based point cloud projector. (a) Single-shot 3D imaging with point cloud projection based on metasurface^[34]; (b) 360° structured light with learned metasurface^[36]; (c) metasurface-based SL sensing system using multiplane holography^[37]; (d) metasurface- and PCSEL-based structured light for facial recognition^[39]

Fig. 2. Metasurfaces based on TCO materials for beam scanning. (a) ITO-based metasurface for 3D distance ranging^[45]; (b) all-solid-state SLM with ITO-based metasurface for 3D imaging^[46]

Fig. 3. Metasurface based on MQW, graphene, and electro-optical crystals for beam scanning. (a) MQW-based dielectric metasurface^[47];(b) MQW-based LED integrated metasurface^[48]; (c) graphene-based active metasurface^[50]; (d) electro-optic crystal based electrically tunable metasurface^[51]

Fig. 4. Metasurface based on liquid crystal and phase change material for beam scanning. (a) Temperature-controlled liquid crystal metasurface^[53]; (b) multifunctional metasurface based on ultrathin liquid crystals^[55]; (c) actively tunable metasurface with phasechange material^[56]

Fig. 5. MEMS-integrated metasurface for beam steering. (a) Semisolid MEMS beam steering system based on MMLA^[57]; (b) metasurface LiDAR based on FPSA^[58]; (c) metalens beam steering system combined with AOD^[59]; (d) AOD metalens beam scanning system combined with CDMA method^[60]

Fig. 6. Binocular vision technology based on metasurface for 3D imaging. (a) Underwater binocular metalens^[61];(b) edge enhanced depth perception with binocular metalens^[62]; (c) stereo imaging with a hemispherical field-of-view binocular metalens camera^[63]

Fig. 7. Light-field 3D imaging based on metalens array. (a) Double focus metalens array based on polarization multiplexing for large depth of field light-field imaging^[65]; (b) metalens array combined with structured light and light-field technique for depth perception^[66]; (c) compound-eye LiDAR based on metalens array^[67]

Fig. 8. Metasurface-based PSF engineering technique for 3D imaging. (a) Metalens-based depth estimation for underwater imaging^[70]; (b) monocular metasurface camera for passive single-shot 4D imaging^[71]; (c) 3D imaging meta-microscope based on DH-PSF^[72]; (d) realizing depth measurement and edge detection based on DH-PSF^[73]

Fig. 9. Metasurfaces for 3D holographic display. (a) 3D multiview holographic display with wide field of view based on metasurface^［74］； (b) spatial varying vectorial holography and polarization encryption based on birefringent metasurface^［75］; (c) color holographic display based on complex-amplitude metasurface^［78］; (d) multi-dimensional multiplexed metasurface holography by inverse design^［79］; (e) time-sequential color code division multiplexing holographic display based on metasurface^［84］; (f) quasicrystal metasurface for dual functionality of holography and diffraction generation^［85］