Fig. 1. Methods for calculating optical forces on objects with different feature sizes (compared with the wavelength)^[16]. (a) Geometrical optics applied to macroscopic objects; (b) dipole approximate analytical derivation of optical forces for objects with deep subwavelength; (c) Maxwell stress tensor integral calculation of optical forces for objects with simlar scale

Fig. 2. Optical pulling forces realized by Bessel beams. (a) Backscattering force related to the particle size on the spheres when a Bessel beam irradiates polystyrene spheres^[12]; (b) specific angle exists between the wave vector of the Bessel beam and the optical axis, under which the particle is drawn toward the light source^[13]

Fig. 3. Optical pulling forces realized by optical solenoid beams^[51]. (a) Three-dimensional intensity distribution of a solenoid beam propagating along the z direction; (b) three-dimensional trajectory of the colloidal sphere moving along a circular path within the optical solenoid beam, and a multi-exposure image of the sphere at six locations during its motion

Fig. 4. Optical pulling forces realized by multi-beam interference. (a) Non-diffracted structured light field established through multi-plane wave interference, with optical pulling achieved via the co-regulation of phase and polarization^[54]; (b) interference field formed by two large-angle Gaussian beams, enhances forward scattering to realize optical pulling^[55]; (c) bidirectional and reversible particle transport realized by superposition of axial wavenumber Bessel beams^[56]

Fig. 5. Optical pulling forces in specific materials. (a) Optical pulling force achieved by optical gain particles through momentum amplification^[57]; (b) optical pulling force produced by circularly polarized light irradiating chiral material plate^[61]; (c) optical pulling force produced by Fano resonance of core-shell nanoparticle^[62]

Fig. 6. Optical pulling forces in structured backgrounds. (a) Interfacial pulling beam at the air-water interface^[21]; (b) optical pulling force realized by SPP at the silver-air interface^[64]; (c) optical pulling force on metamaterial surfaces supporting negative Bloch wave vector transmission^[67]; (d) optical pulling force within waveguide-resonator coupled system^[68]; (e) optical pulling force in photonic crystal waveguide realized by enhancing forward scattering momentum through mode conversion^[70]

Fig. 7. Optical pulling forces realized through the gradient forces. (a) Optical pulling force realized by reverse gradient force formed by attenuation mode within the photonic crystal waveguide^[71]; (b) during the phase transition of GST, the intensity gradient force resulting from mode attenuation propels the object toward the light source^[72]; (c) self-induced optical pulling force^[73]; (d) self-induced gradient field of the object achieves long-range optical pulling^[74]

Fig. 8. Optical pulling forces realized by topological effects. (a) Optical pulling force realized by topological edge mode of unidirectional transmission^[75]; (b) optical pulling force induced by momentum topology^[76]; (c) optical pulling force generated by the conversion of topological surface wave modes^[77]; (d) mode symmetry contributes to optical pulling force^[78]

Fig. 9. Optical pulling forces realized by photophoretic forces. (a) Photophoretic force is generated under the irradiation of non-uniformly polarized laser beam to achieve stable pulling of object^[79]; (b) synergistic effect of optical pushing force and photophoretic force drives the metal plate to move in a reciprocating motion^[80]; (c) laser-induced microsphere hammer-hit vibration in liquid^[81]

Fig. 10. Optical lateral forces of chiral particles. (a) Optical lateral force generated by chiral helical particles near the interface under the irradiation of linear polarized light^[84]; (b) optical lateral force generated by coupling of lateral SAM density with particle chirality in an evanescent wave^[82]; (c) sorting of chiral particles by linear momentum transfer^[85]; (d) sorting of chiral particles in two-linearly polarized plane wave interference field^[86]; (e) separation of chiral enantiomers by light-induced force and torque using a tightly focused vector-polarized hollow beam^[87]; (f) various light field properties synergistically produce abnormal optical lateral forces on chiral particles^[88]

Fig. 11. Enhancement of optical lateral forces in chiral particles. (a) Chiral enantiomer discrimination facilitated by SPP and enhancement of optical lateral force through lateral SAM^[89]; (b) optical lateral force on chiral nanoparticles enhanced by Fano resonance in a metal split-ring resonator^[90]; (c) optical lateral force enhanced by superimposed effect of multiple poles in unidextrality nanostructure^[91]

Fig. 12. Optical lateral forces induced by SOC. (a) Optical lateral force generated by dielectric spherical particles at the air-water interface due to SOC^[94]; (b) lateral orbital motion caused by intensity gradient and circular polarization^[95]; (c) mapping of optical lateral force on a Poincare sphere^[97]; (d) controllable microparticle spinning achieved through a light source lacking SAM enabled by the transfer of local SAM under focusing^[98]; (e) optical longitudinal-lateral force of linear polarized light in arbitrary direction^[99]

Fig. 13. Optical lateral forces induced by SOC effects in nanostructures. (a) Optical lateral force achieved by breaking the symmetry of circularly polarized light and exciting lateral SPP^[100]; (b) transversely transmitted of nanoparticles along the waveguide with the help of SOC^[101]; (c) magnetic spin-orbit coupling of light excited by the one-dimensional photonic crystal to generate optical lateral force^[102]; (d) separation method of chiral nanoparticles based on silicon-based slot waveguide^[103]

Fig. 14. Optical lateral forces generated by imaginary Poynting momentum. (a) Optical lateral force induced by the lateral Belinfante spin momentum^[106]; (b) lateral spin-dependent optical lateral force^[107]; (c) rotation of an isotropic sphere realized by imaginary Poynting momentum vortex^[108]; (d) observation of optical lateral force generated by high-order imaginary Poynting momentum in structured light^[46]; (e) negative and transverse optical torques realized by gradient and curl torques^[33]; (f) optical lateral force induced by inhomogeneity of SAM^[96]

Fig. 15. Optical lateral forces generated by the metasurfaces. (a) Self-stabilizing propulsion of macroscopic objects by engineering optical anisotropy across the surface of an object^[110]; (b) transverse optical gradient force in untethered rotating micro-rotor^[111]; (c) transition from stationary metasurfaces to mobile metavehicles^[114]; (d) metavehicles driven by phase gradient force^[115]

Fig. 16. Optical lateral forces generated by other effects. (a) Photophoretic force displaces objects from hot region to cold region^[116]; (b) light-induced in-plane rotation of gold plates on a taper fiber^[117]; (c) impulsive force and acceleration resulting from photothermal shock^[119]; (d) photoacoustic 2D actuation via femtosecond pulsed laser interaction with van der Waals interfaces^[120]; (e) topological optical forces associated with bound states in the continuum^[121]; (f) optical lateral force generated by asymmetric scattering induced by anisotropic multipole interactions in nanorod^[122]

Fig. 17. Optical sorting based on optical pulling force and optical lateral force. (a) Particle resonance sorting based on the optical pulling force of Bloch surface wave in one-dimensional photonic crystal^[134]; (b) sorting of chiral particles based on the optical pulling force of the two-wave interference field^[135]; (c) optical sorting achieved by the interference of two non-collinear linear polarized light beams^[136]; (d) nanoscale chiral light-matter interactions for the detection, characterization, and separation of chiral particles^[137]

Fig. 18. Light-controlled micro-robots and self-assembly of nanoparticles. (a) Light-controlled soft bio-microrobot^[145]; (b) light-driven micromachines based on optoelectronic tweezers^[141]; (c) artificial potential field-driven dynamic holographic optical tweezers^[149]

Fig. 19. Integration of intelligent algorithms and optical manipulations. (a) Efficient optical manipulation achieved by wavefront shaping^[156]; (b) scalable lightsails with improved acceleration enabled by neural topology optimization^[157]; (c) mind-controlled optical manipulation^[158]; (d) unified simulation platform for optical manipulation and optofluidic force induction^[159]