[1] [1] Considine V. CORDIC trigonometric function generator for DSP. In: International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. 1989;4:2381–4.

[2] [2] Tian-li L, Tao Y, Xing W, Hai-gang Y. An efficient single-precision floating-point trigonometric function calculation circuit structure and implementation. Microelectronics & Computer. 2018;35:33–7.

[3] [3] Ma S, Wang Z. Rapid computation of trigonometric function on DSP. Comput Eng. 2005;31:12–4.

[4] [4] Price DDS. A history of calculating machines. IEEE Micro. 1984;4:22–52.10.1109/MM.1984.291305

[5] [5] Clymer AB. The mechanical analog computers of Hannibal Ford and William Newell. IEEE Annals Hist Comput. 1993;15:19–34.10.1109/85.207741

[6] [6] Wu J, Lin X, Guo Y, Liu J, Fang L, Jiao S, et al. Analog Optical Computing for Artificial Intelligence. Engineering. 2021;10:133-45.

[7] [7] Zangeneh-Nejad F, Sounas DL, Alù A, Fleury R. Analogue computing with metamaterials. Nat Rev Mater. 2020;6:207–25.10.1038/s41578-020-00243-2

[8] [8] Slav´ık R, Park Y, Ayotte N, Doucet S, Ahn TJ, LaRochelle S, et al. Photonic temporal integrator for all-optical computing. Opt Express. 2008;16:18202–14.10.1364/OE.16.018202

[9] [9] Michalska M, Swiderski J, Mamajek M. Arbitrary pulse shaping in erdoped fiber amplifierspossibilities and limitations. Opt Laser Technol. 2014;60:8–13.10.1016/j.optlastec.2013.12.015

[10] [10] Ashrafi R, Dizaji MR, Cortés LR, Zhang J, Yao J, Azaña J, et al. Time-delay to intensity mapping based on a second-order optical integrator: application to optical arbitrary waveform generation. Opt Express. 2015;23:16209–23.10.1364/OE.23.016209

[11] [11] Pérez D, Gasulla I, Crudgington L, Thomson DJ, Khokhar AZ, Ke L, et al. Multipurpose silicon photonics signal processor core. Nat Commun. 2017;8:636.10.1038/s41467-017-00714-1

[12] [12] Boolakee T, Heide C, Garzón-Ramírez A, Weber HB, Franco I, Hommelhoff P. Light-field control of real and virtual charge carriers. Nature. 2022;605:251–5.10.1038/s41586-022-04565-9

[13] [13] Zhao W, Liu S, Qi H, Peng G, Shen M. Sampled fiber grating for wdm signal queuing with picosecond time interval. Opt Laser Technol. 2017;97:302–7.10.1016/j.optlastec.2017.07.001

[14] [14] Ding X, Wang Z, Hu Z, Liu J, Zhang K, Li H, et al. Metasurface holographic image projection based on mathematical properties of Fourier transform. PhotoniX. 2020;1:1–12.10.1186/s43074-020-00016-8

[15] [15] Lee D, So S, Hu G, Kim M, Badloe T, Cho H, et al. Hyperbolic metamaterials: fusing artificial structures to natural 2D materials. eLight. 2022;2:1–23.10.1186/s43593-021-00008-6

[16] [16] Wang Z, Hu G, Wang X, Ding X, Zhang K, Li H, et al. Single-layer spatial analog meta-processor for imaging processing. Nat Commun. 2022;13:2188.10.1038/s41467-022-29732-4

[17] [17] Zhao Z, Ding X, Zhang K, Fu J, Burokur SN, Wu Q. Generation and deflection control of a 2D Airy beam utilizing metasurfaces. Opt Lett. 2021;46:5220–3.10.1364/OL.439155

[18] [18] Hossein B, Zahra K, Somayyeh K, Amin K. Integration in analog optical computing using metasurfaces revisited: toward ideal optical integration. J Opt Soc Am B. 2017;34:1270–9.10.1364/JOSAB.34.001270

[19] [19] Zhu T, Zhou Y, Lou Y, Ye H, Qiu M, Ruan Z, et al. Plasmonic computing of spatial differentiation. Nat Commun. 2017;8:1–6.10.1038/s41467-016-0009-6

[20] [20] Zuo SY, Tian Y, Wei Q, Cheng Y, Liu X. Acoustic analog computing based on a reflective metasurface with decoupled modulation of phase and amplitude. J Appl Phys. 2018;123:091704.10.1063/1.5004617

[21] [21] Fu W, Zhao D, Li Z, Liu S, Tian C, Huang K. Ultracompact meta-imagers for arbitrary all-optical convolution. Light Sci Appl. 2022;11:1–13.10.1038/s41377-022-00752-5

[22] [22] Kwon H, Sounas D, Cordaro A, Polman A, Alù A. Nonlocal metasurfaces for optical signal processing. Phys Rev Lett. 2018;121: 173004.10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.173004

[23] [23] Huo P, Zhang C, Zhu W, Liu M, Zhang S, Zhang S, Xu T. Photonic spin-multiplex-ing metasurface for switchable spiral phase contrast imaging. Nano Lett. 2020;20:2791–8.10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00471

[24] [24] Wang Z, Chang L, Wang F, Li T, Gu T. Integrated photonic metasystem for image classifications at telecommunication wavelength. Nat Commun. 2022;13:1–8.

[25] [25] Cordaro A, Edwards B, Nikkhah V, Alù A, Engheta N, Polman A. Solving integral equations in free-space with inverse-designed ultrathin optical metagratings. 2022. arXiv preprint arXiv:2202.05219.

[26] [26] Zhang W, Qu C, Zhang X. Solving constant-coefficient differential equations with dielectric metamaterials. J Opt. 2016;18: 075102.10.1088/2040-8978/18/7/075102

[27] [27] Zhao Z, Wang Y, Ding X, Li H, Fu J, Zhang K, et al. Compact logic operator utilizing a single-layer metasurface. Photon Res. 2022;10:316–22.10.1364/PRJ.439036

[28] [28] Qian C, Lin X, Lin X, Xu J, Sun Y, Li E, Chen H. Performing optical logic operations by a diffractive neural network. Light Sci Appl. 2020;9:1–7.10.1038/s41377-020-0303-2

[29] [29] Lin W, Chen L, Chen Y, Cai W, Hu Y, Wen K. Single-shot speckle reduction by eliminating redundant speckle pattern in digital holography. Appl Opt. 2020;59:5066–72.10.1364/AO.390500

[30] [30] Luo Y, Zhao Y, Li J, Çetintaş E, Rivenson Y, Jarrahi M, Ozcan A. Computational imaging without a computer: seeing through random diffusers at the speed of light. eLight. 2022;2:1–16.10.1186/s43593-022-00012-4

[31] [31] Qian C, Zheng B, Shen Y, Jing L, Li E, Shen L, Chen H. Deep-learning-enabled self-adaptive microwave cloak without human intervention. Nat Photonics. 2020;14:383–90.10.1038/s41566-020-0604-2

[32] [32] Lin X, Rivenson Y, Yardimci NT, Veli M, Luo Y, Jarrahi M, et al. All-optical machine learning using diffractive deep neural networks. Science. 2018;361:1004–8.10.1126/science.aat8084

[33] [33] Lin R, Alnakhli Z, Li X. Engineering of multiple bound states in the continuum by latent representation of freeform structures. Photon Res. 2021;9:B96–103.10.1364/PRJ.415655

[34] [34] Ren H, Shao W, Li Y, Salim F, Gu M. Three-dimensional vectorial holography based on machine learning inverse design. Sci Adv. 2020;6:eaaz4261.10.1126/sciadv.aaz4261

[35] [35] Khoram E, Chen A, Liu D, Ying L, Wang Q, Yuan M, et al. Nanophotonic media for artificial neural inference. Photon Res. 2019;7:823–7.10.1364/PRJ.7.000823

[36] [36] Wu Z, Zhou M, Khoram E, Liu B, Yu Z. Neuromorphic metasurface. Photon Res. 2020;8:46–50.10.1364/PRJ.8.000046

[37] [37] Rahman MSS, Li J, Mengu D, Rivenson Y, Ozcan A. Ensemble learning of diffractive optical networks. Light Sci Appl. 2020;10:1–13.

[38] [38] Li Z, Cheng H, Liu Z, Chen S, Tian J. Plasmonic airy beam generation by both phase and amplitude modulation with metasurfaces. Adv Opt Mater. 2016;4:1230–5.10.1002/adom.201600108