Fig. 1. The interventional treatment of diseases in the human natural cavities ^[2]

Fig. 2. (a) Nanometer-scale bull fabricated by fs-TPP^[14]; (b) Microspring fabricated by fs-TPP demonstrate its true three-dimensional processing capability^[14]; (c) The principle of two-photon absorption; (d) The principle of true three-dimensional fabrication

Fig. 3. Contact-based micro-manipulation components printed at the distal end using fs-TPP technology. (a) Passive micro-gripper ^[23]; (b) Micro-force sensing^[23]; (c) Fluid-driven micro-gripper^[24]; (d)-(f) Pneumatically controlled micro-gripper^[25]: (d) Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image; (e) Micro-gripper open; (f) Micro-gripper closed

Fig. 4. fs-TPP technology used to print lenses on fiber end faces for non-contact optical tweezers micro-manipulation. (a) SEM image of a high-NA meta-lens printed on the fiber end face ^[28]; (b) Single-beam optical tweezers ^[28]; (c) Double-layer lens on the fiber end face ^[29]; (d) Dual-beam optical tweezers ^[29]

Fig. 5. Micro-lens imaging systems printed by fs-TPP technology. (a) Refractive lens integrated on the fiber end face ^[30]; (b) Refractive lens array ^[31]; (c) Diffractive lens ^[32]; (d) Meta-lens ^[33]

Fig. 6. fs-TPP technology printed OCT components for in vivo imaging^[34]. (a) Lens design and imaging principle; (b) In situ OCT imaging of aortic atherosclerosis in mouse aorta

Fig. 7. LSFM imaging components fabricated by fs-TPP technology ^[38]. (a) Imaging principle; (b) Schematic of Bessel-Gauss beam scanning based on micro-conical lens for optical sectioning of a single cell

Fig. 8. Biomolecular detection components fabricated by fs-TPP technology. (a)-(b) Radar-like SERS components^[39]; (c) Needle array SERS components ^[40]; (d) Test results for the rapid detection of live Escherichia coli in suspension using the components in (c); (e) Helical cone-shaped PEF components^[41]; (f) Photon counts generated at a 532 nm illumination wavelength for samples with helical conical components (red) and without helical conical components (black) under different laser powers ^[41]; (g) Beam-like glucose concentration detection components^[42]；(h) Linear fitting curve of glucose concentration and optical wavelength shift when tested with the components in (g)^[42]

Fig. 9. Biomechanical testing components fabricated by fs-TPP. (a) Cantilever-based mechanical testing component^[43]; (b) Spring-based mechanical testing component^[44]; (c) Schematic of a mechanical testing component with temperature compensation^[45]; (d) SEM image of the mechanical testing component with temperature compensation^[45]

Fig. 10. Biomechanical testing components fabricated by fs-TPP ^[46]. (a) Schematic of multiple contact forces at the distal end of the guidewire; (b) Micro-force sensing system; (c) Axial and spatial force testing results

Fig. 11. Flow rate sensing components fabricated by fs-TPP ^[47]. (a) SEM image of the flow rate sensor; (b) Reflection spectra of the flow rate sensor.

Fig. 12. fs-TPP technology printed biopsy/drug delivery components. (a) SEM image of the microfluidic chip assembled with capillaries^[48]; (b) Delivery and release of droplets；(c) Two-photon polymerization of barb micro-structures for enhanced biopsy^[49]