Fig. 1. Interaction between a photon and two boundaries with different curvatures

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of photon transmission

Fig. 3. Flowchart of photon transmission

Fig. 4. Comparison of simulated data with lognormal distribution under turbulent conditions. (a) Δz=1.00 m; (b) Δz=0.50 m; (c) Δz=0.25 m

Fig. 5. Changes of scintillation index under different conditions. (a) Variation of scintillation index with distance under different Δz; (b) variation of scintillation index with Δn under different Δz; (c) variation of scintillation index with Δz under different Δn

Fig. 6. Changes of scintillation index under the action of Δz and Δn

Fig. 7. Changes of beam drift under different conditions

Fig. 8. Comparison of CIR between unified channel and absorption‒scattering channel

Fig. 9. Changes of scintillation index in unified channel under different conditions

Fig. 10. Relationship between path loss and link distance in different environments

Fig. 11. Argo buoy data. (a) Variation of average temperature and salinity on different months; (b) relationship between the maximum refractive index change and depth

Fig. 12. Comparison of simulated data of different turbulence intensities with lognormal distribution. (a) February 2024; (b) October 2023