COD determination method using small-sample UV-Visible absorption spectral data

Sample number	Mean difference/arb.units	Variance difference/arb.units²	Skewness difference	Kurtosis difference
1	0.02%	0.21%	6.02%	0.55%
2	0.79%	0.05%	10.22%	9.52%
3	0.53%	0.86%	1.02%	6.64%
4	0.17%	0.16%	0.82%	1.36%
5	0.11%	0.11%	7.01%	8.33%
6	0.57%	0.63%	5.75%	9.52%
7	0.08%	0.07%	0.79%	5.13%
8	0.40%	1.02%	0.48%	6.24%
9	0.58%	0.16%	0.66%	4.67%
10-29	···	···	···	···
30	0.40%	0.29%	2.97%	3.96%
Average	0.39%	0.53%	2.78%	4.75%

Table 2. Comparison of prediction performance of different samples
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Table 2. Comparison of prediction performance of different samples
Sample R² RMSE MAE
Original samples 0.8842 0.3368 0.2760
Combined samples 0.9103 0.2964 0.2406

Table 3. The standard deviations of hyperparameters for different optimization algorithms
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Table 3. The standard deviations of hyperparameters for different optimization algorithms
Optimization algorithm Standard deviation of C Standard deviation of gamma
PSO 35.13804 0.02140
SSA 0.65418 0.00461
NRBO 0.03638 0.00133

Table 4. The evaluation metrics and convergence time of different optimization algorithms

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Table 4. The evaluation metrics and convergence time of different optimization algorithms

Optimization algorithm	R²		RMSE		MAE		Convergence time/s
Optimization algorithm	Mean	Optimal value	Mean	Optimal value	Mean	Optimal value	Convergence time/s
PSO	0.93988	0.94187	0.22874	0.22495	0.17257	0.15877	3.32894
SSA	0.93740	0.93758	0.23346	0.23311	0.19197	0.19126	5.00998
NRBO	0.96244	0.96248	0.21453	0.21441	0.13928	0.13927	6.34334

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Peichao ZHENG, Wei RUAN, Shubin CHEN, Haijuan LI, Yan HOU, Chenglin LI, Haonan HE, Qin YANG, Jinmei WANG, Biao LI, Lianbo GUO. COD determination method using small-sample UV-Visible absorption spectral data[J]. Infrared and Laser Engineering, 2025, 54(7): 20250065

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Paper Information

Category: 光电测量

Received: Jan. 20, 2025

Accepted: --

Published Online: Aug. 29, 2025

The Author Email: Jinmei WANG (wangjm@cqupt.edu.cn)

DOI:10.3788/IRLA20250065

Topics

laser devices and laser physics

Lasers and Laser Optics

Laser physics

laser manufacturing

Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology

Table 1. Differences in mean, variance, skewness, and kurtosis for different samples

Table 1. Differences in mean, variance, skewness, and kurtosis for different samples

Table 2. Comparison of prediction performance of different samples

Table 2. Comparison of prediction performance of different samples

Table 3. The standard deviations of hyperparameters for different optimization algorithms

Table 3. The standard deviations of hyperparameters for different optimization algorithms

Table 4. The evaluation metrics and convergence time of different optimization algorithms

Table 4. The evaluation metrics and convergence time of different optimization algorithms