Fig. 1. Theoretical study of plasma photonic crystals. (a) First proposal of a plasma photonic crystal^[19]; (b) surface plasmon resonance modes in two-dimensional plasma photonic crystals^[48]; (c) magneto-optical plasma photonic crystals and flat bands in the Brillouin zone^[50]; (d) nonlinear Kerr effect in three-dimensional plasma backgrounds^[51]; (e) dual-polarization omnidirectional forbidden bands in plasma photonic crystals under alternating magnetic fields^[52]; (f) propagation of terahertz waves in collisional plasma photonic crystals^[53]

Fig. 2. Experimental studies of plasma photonic crystals. (a) Two-dimensional plasma photonic crystal based on dielectric barrier discharge^[56]; (b) plasma arrays generated by microdischarge of double helical metal wires^[57]; (c) self-organized patterns from hydroelectric electrode discharges form plasma photonic crystals^[58]; (d) jet plasma injection into quartz tubes to construct periodic arrays^[61]; (e) one-dimensional plasma photonic crystal based on a closed discharge tube configuration and its transmission spectrum^[25]; (f) two-dimensional plasma photonic crystal based on closed discharge tubes^[63]; (g) three-dimensional plasma photonic crystal based on polymer microchannel discharge^[66]

Fig. 3. Studies of plasma metamaterials in combination with solid dielectric materials. (a) One-dimensional plasma photonic crystal and its transmittance constructed from fiber-glass reinforced polyester with plasma background^[67]; (b) photonic crystal microcavity based on a sapphire dielectric column and generation of microwave plasma^[68]; (c) nonlinear power limiter based on plasma photonic crystal defect state^[28]; (d) broadband absorber based on solid-state plasma and lumped element^[29]; (e) dispersionless flat bands due to plasmonic excitations on the surface of metallic photonic crystals^[69]

Fig. 4. Studies of topological phases in magnetized plasmas. (a) Novel Wely points in magnetized plasmas^[70]; (b) topological plasmon excited in graphene lattices^[73]; (c) unconventional Fermi arcs in magnetized plasmas^[74]; (d) topological phases in non-ideal magnetic fluids with collisional and viscous dissipation^[30]; (e) gaseous plasma polariton excitations at the boundary between magnetized plasma and vacuum^[47]; (f) topological phases in the three-dimensional phase space of plasma frequency, wavevector, and magnetic field^[76]; (g) topological Langmuir cyclotron waves with unidirectional transmission^[77]

Fig. 5. Device design based on plasma topological states. (a) Anomalous body-edge correspondences in magnetized plasma^[79]; (b) phase transition diagrams and critical points in magnetized plasma^[80]; (c) non-reciprocal circulators based on magnetized plasma^[81]; (d) topological waves in plasma metamaterials^[82]

Fig. 6. Plasma topological states in dissipative systems. (a) Topological states in plasmas based on particle diffusion dynamics^[83]; (b) topological edge states with dispersion and loss in plasma photonic crystals^[84]; (c) topological edge states of plasma under non-Hermitian PT symmetry conditions^[86]; (d) unidirectional topological state of the magnetized plasma-metal interface^[87]

Fig. 7. Studies of topological edge states based on gas discharge plasma. (a) Formation of Dirac-like cones modulated by plasma^[26]; (b) topological edge states in two-dimensional plasma photonic crystals and experimental measurement results^[26]; (c) plasma topological edge state based on nontrivial Zak phase^[27]; (d) graphene-like lattices constructed in a plasma negative permittivity background^[91]; (e) surface plasma polariton excited in time-varying plasmas^[92]; (f) spin-orbit coupling of time-varying plasma surface waves^[93]