Fig. 1. Normalized intensity distributions of HyGG beam at different positions. (a) z=0 m; (b) z=20 m; (c) z=40 m; (d) z=60 m; (e) z=80 m; (f) z=100 m; (g) normalized intensity distribution of HyGG beam varies with transmission distance z (λ=410 nm, p=5, l₀=1, ω₀=2 mm)

Fig. 2. Intensity distribution of HyGG beam versus propagation distance z for different hollowness parameter values in an absorbent channel

Fig. 3. OAM spectrum evolution of different beams versus propagation distance under ocean channel. (a) GV beam; (b) LG beam; (c) HyGG beam

Fig. 4. (a) BER and (b) average channel capacity of HyGG beam versus propagation distance z for different hollowness parameter values

Fig. 5. Average channel capacity of HyGG beam versus OAM number l₀ and hollowness parameter p for different propagation distances.(a) 100 m; (b) 200 m

Fig. 6. Average channel capacity of HyGG beam versus propagation distance for (a) different wavelengths λ and (b) initial beam waist ω₀

Fig. 7. Average channel capacity of HyGG beam versus (a) turbulence’s inner-scale η for different outer-scales L₀ and (b) different anisotropic factors ξ

Fig. 8. Average channel capacity of HyGG beam versus ratio of temperature and salinity contributions to refractive index spectrum w for (a) dissipation rate of mean-squared temperature χ_T and (b) dissipation rate of kinetic energy per unit mass of fluid ε

Fig. 9. Average channel capacity of HyGG beam versus transmit power for different numbers of OAM channels

Fig. 10. Average channel capacity of HyGG beam versus receiver aperture radius R_a for different propagation distances