Acta Optica Sinica (Online), Volume. 2, Issue 15, 1514001(2025)
Research Progress on Single-Ended Stimulated Brillouin Optical Time-Domain Sensing Technology
Figures & Tables(27)
Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of single-ended BOTDA system based on Fresnel reflection
Fig. 4. Architecture of the BOTDA system for single-ended measurements using Faraday rotating mirrors[39]
Fig. 5. One-end accessible BOTDA using round-tripped phase-modulated probe light[41]
Fig. 6. System architecture for single-ended BOTDA using Bragg grating[44]
Fig. 7. Experimental setup of cascading FBG-based single-ended BOTDA[47]
Fig. 8. BOTDA system using multiplexing method for single-ended measurement[48]
Fig. 9. Structure of single-ended BOTDA system utilizing modulated pulse base[50]
Fig. 10. Experimental setup for single-ended BOTDA system with pulse coding based on Fresnel reflection[51]
Fig. 11. Structure of single-ended BOTDA system based on double-side band long pulse [52]
Fig. 13. Hybrid single-ended BOTDA based on Fresnel reflection combined with COTDR sensing system[55]
Fig. 14. Schematic diagram of experimental setup[56]. (a) Standard self-heterodyne probe; (b) assisted self-heterodyne probe using Fresnel reflection
Fig. 15. Schematic diagram of single-ended BOTDA based on Rayleigh scattering
Fig. 16. Single-ended BOTDA system utilizing microwave modulated pulse substrate to generate Rayleigh scattering[58]
Fig. 17. Schematic diagram of pulsed pre-pumped Rayleigh BOTDA[60]
Fig. 18. Experimental setup for single-wavelength/three-wavelength Rayleigh BOTDA sensing system[61]
Fig. 19. Experimental setup for wavelength scanning Rayleigh BOTDA sensing system[62]
Fig. 20. Experimental setup for self-heterodyne detection Rayleigh BOTDA sensing system[66]
Fig. 21. Wavelength-scanning BOTDR system based on Rayleigh and Brillouin self-heterodyne detection[67]
Fig. 22. Raleigh BOTDA system with parallel electro-optic modulators [68]
Fig. 23. Simplified single-end Rayleigh and Brillouin hybrid distributed fiber-optic sensing system[70]
Fig. 24. Experimental setup of the scanning-free hybrid sensing system[72]
Table 1. Methods of various types of single-ended BOTDA and their characteristics
View tableView in ArticleTable 1. Methods of various types of single-ended BOTDA and their characteristics
Year Ref. Method Measured distance /km Spatial resolution /m Detection accuracy Feature & significance 1996 ［ 38 ］Using Faraday rotating mirrors 3.3 — — ① Sensing signals independent of fiber birefringence time fluctuations.
② Cannot work when the fiber is broken
2009 ［ 41 ］Using round-tripped phase-modulated probe light 1.3 — 0.25 ℃ Compared with traditional BFS measurement methods， the measurement accuracy is improved by 150 times 2014 ［ 44 ］Using Bragg grating 30 — — Continuous field distribution data can be simultaneously collected along the fiber path 2018 ［ 47 ］Cascaded fiber Bragg grating 50 5 5 ℃ It has a narrower bandwidth and improves the measurement accuracy 1996 ［ 48 ］Time-division multiplexing method 1.4 35 5 με
0.25 ℃
① It saves costs.
② It enhances stability
2009 ［ 50 ］Utilizing modulated pulse base 0.27 1 7.845 MHz ① Obtain information directly on strain and temperature changes in the fiber.
② The system structure has been simplified
2022 ［ 51 ］Pulse coding based on Fresnel reflection 9.35 — 1.59 ℃ High signal-to-noise ratio for high-precision temperature measurements 2013 ［ 52 ］Double-side band long pulse 0.003 0.03 4 MHz ① Simpler system structure.
② Higher spatial resolution
2013 ［ 55 ］Heterodyne detection 24 5 1.0 ℃ ① Longer measuring range.
② It can be used for attenuation and discrete defect measurements
2014 ［ 56 ］Assisted self-heterodyne probe using Fresnel reflection 0.05 0.01 — ① Simpler system structure.
② Higher spatial resolution.
③ Possibility with millimeter-level spatial resolution
2011 ［ 58 ］Utilizing microwave modulated pulse substrate 0.3 3 1.0 ℃ Improved signal strength 2016 ［ 60 ］Pulsed pre-pumped Rayleigh BOTDA 0.3 0.5 7.4 MHz ① Solve the contradiction between spatial resolution and measurement accuracy.
② Reduce non-local effects
2017 ［ 61 ］Multi-wavelength single-ended BOTDA 2 — 15.6 MHz ① Increase the backscatter threshold.
② Increase the increase in signal-to-noise ratio
2018 ［ 62 ］Wavelength scanning Rayleigh BOTDA 1.97 — 0.19 ℃ ① Higher signal-to-noise ratio for high-precision temperature measurement.
② Better sensor performance， and offer new applications
2018 ［ 64 ］Self-heterodyne detection Rayleigh BOTDA 0.05 — 1.09 ℃ ① Reduce coherent fading noise.
② Achieve high-accuracy temperature
measurement
2017 ［ 68 ］Parallel electro-optic modulators 2.4 — — ① Higher signal-to-noise ratio and longer sensing distance.
② Reduce pump pulse losses and non-local effects
2022 ［ 70 ］Single-end Rayleigh and Brillouin hybrid distributed 9.26 5 — ① The sensing fiber can also work reliably when it is broken.
② Multiple parameters can be measured at the same time.
③ Improve the signal-to-noise ratio at the fading position of the signal
2023 ［ 72 ］Scanning-free hybrid Rayleigh BOTDA 9.52 3 0.74 MHz ① The sensing fiber can also work when it is broken.
② Improve signal-to-noise ratio and spatial resolution
2024 ［ 75 ］Double-side band modulation non-step scanning 12 0.2 — ① Simplify system structure.
② Achieve sub-meter vibration spatial resolution and provide a temperature measurement range of about 500 °C.
③ The system is non-stepping scan and is not affected by coherent fading
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Qingyu Xu, Dingyi Ma, Yongzheng Li, Linfeng Guo, Xiaomin Xu. Research Progress on Single-Ended Stimulated Brillouin Optical Time-Domain Sensing Technology[J]. Acta Optica Sinica (Online), 2025, 2(15): 1514001
Paper Information
Category: Applied Optics and Optical Instruments
Received: May. 8, 2025
Accepted: May. 29, 2025
Published Online: Jul. 17, 2025
The Author Email: Linfeng Guo (guolf_nj@163.com)
CSTR:32394.14.AOSOL250459
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