Fig. 1. Fabrication of embedded submicron metal lines on fused silica surfaces. (a) Three-dimensional schematic of fabrication procedure; (b) cross-sectional schematic of fabrication procedure; (c) a schematic of experimental setup for continuous-flow electroless plating

Fig. 2. Optical micrographs of grooves ablated by laser with different pulse energies and metal lines after mechanical polishing

Fig. 3. Pulse energies versus linewidths of laser-ablated grooves and metal lines after mechanical polishing

Fig. 4. SEM images of silver microstructures deposited by continuous-flow electroless plating before and after thermal treatment. (a)(b) Before thermal treatment; (c)(d) after thermal treatment

Fig. 5. Embedded submicron metal lines with various shapes (linewidths of metal lines are about 0.8 μm). (a) Grid; (b) spiral; (c) square-wave; (d) Chinese character patterns