Optimal polarization detection angle estimation for sea surface glint suppression

Peng LIU; Xinyu NI; Jin DUAN; Jialin WANG; Kehan DONG

doi:10.37188/OPE.20253313.2036

Optics and Precision Engineering, Volume. 33, Issue 13, 2036(2025)

Optimal polarization detection angle estimation for sea surface glint suppression

Peng LIU, Xinyu NI, Jin DUAN^*, Jialin WANG, and Kehan DONG

Author Affiliations

School of Telecommunications， Changchun University of Science and Technology， Changchun130022， China

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Figures & Tables(21)

Fig. 1. Coordinate of inclined microplanar unit

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Fig. 2. Effect of different sea surface wind speeds on spatial distribution of polarized bidirectional reflectance

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Fig. 3. Effect of different wind directions on spatial distribution of polarized bidirectional reflectance over sea surface

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Fig. 4. Spatial distribution of polarized bi-directional reflectance of seawater surfaces at different solar incident zenith angles

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Fig. 5. Simulation results of polarized bidirectional reflectance of light reflected from sea surface at different solar incidence zenith angles for an azimuth of 180°

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Fig. 6. Simulation results of polarized reflectance of seawater surface under different observation geometries

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Fig. 7. Simulation results of degree of polarization of sea surface reflected light under different solar incidence zenith angles

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Fig. 8. Simulation results of degree of polarization of reflected light from sea surface under different azimuthal angle conditions

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Fig. 9. Simulation results of degree of polarization of sea surface reflected light under different solar incidence zenith angles

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Fig. 10. Simulation results of sea surface polarization degree under 180° azimuth condition

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Fig. 11. Simulation results of sea surface reflected light polarization degree under different azimuth and solar incidence zenith angle conditions

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Fig. 12. Experimental setup for validating optimal polarization detection angle

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Fig. 13. S₀ and P_90°images acquired under different observation geometries in clear weather and low wind conditions

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Fig. 14. AOP images corresponding to optimal observation zenith angles under different azimuthal conditions

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Fig. 15. S₀ and P_90° images acquired under different observation geometries in clear weather and high wind speed conditions

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Fig. 16. S₀ and P_90° images acquired under different observation geometries in cloudy weather and moderate wind conditions

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Table 1. Gram-Charlier parameters
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Table 1. Gram-Charlier parameters
Coefficients at n=1.34 Wind speed/（m·s^-1）
$σ_{u p}$ （0.003+0.001 92×v_wind）¹^/²
$σ_{c r o s s}$ （0.003 16×v_wind）¹^/²
C₂₁ 0.01-0.008 6×v_wind
C₀₃ 0.04-0.003 3×v_wind
C₄₀ 0.40
C₂₂ 0.12
C₀₄ 0.23

Table 2. Optimal combination of observation zenith angle and solar incidence zenith angle when polarization degree reaches its maximum value
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Table 2. Optimal combination of observation zenith angle and solar incidence zenith angle when polarization degree reaches its maximum value
Relative azimuth angle Optimal combination
$φ_{v} = 150$ $θ_{v} + θ_{s} \approx 112$
$φ_{v} = 165$ $θ_{v} + θ_{s} \approx 108$
$φ_{v} = 180$ $θ_{v} + θ_{s} \approx 106$
$φ_{v} = 195$ $θ_{v} + θ_{s} \approx 108$
$φ_{v} = 210$ $θ_{v} + θ_{s} \approx 112$

Table 3. Evaluation of image quality metrics at different observation zenith angles for an azimuth angle of 180°

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Table 3. Evaluation of image quality metrics at different observation zenith angles for an azimuth angle of 180°

$θ_{v}$ /（°）	Contrast			Average brightness			Standard deviation			Number of saturated pixels
$θ_{v}$ /（°）	$C_{S_{0}}$	$C_{P_{90 °}}$	$\frac{C_{P_{90 °}} - C_{S_{0}}}{C_{S_{0}}}$	${\bar{B}}_{S_{0}}$	${\bar{B}}_{P_{90 °}}$	$\frac{{\bar{B}}_{S_{0}} - {\bar{B}}_{P_{90 °}}}{{\bar{B}}_{S_{0}}}$	$σ_{S_{0}}$	$σ_{P_{90 °}}$	$\frac{σ_{S_{0}} - σ_{P_{90 °}}}{σ_{S_{0}}}$	$N_{s a t, S_{0}}$	$N_{s a t, P_{90 °}}$	$\frac{N_{s a t, S_{0}} - {N_{s a t,}}_{P_{90 °}}}{N_{s a t, S_{0}}}$
30	0.13	0.30	131%	54.96	48.89	11%	26.91	19.08	29%	1447	1306	10%
40	0.05	0.44	836%	68.09	55.74	18%	37.75	17.57	53%	2344	1808	23%
50	0.02	0.51	2882%	69.57	48.98	30%	46.77	15.61	67%	2337	1612	31%
60	0.05	0.45	909%	65.33	51.43	21%	42.48	17.43	59%	1964	1484	24%
70	0.32	0.49	54%	52.41	42.85	18%	32.27	16.48	49%	1781	1509	15%

Table 4. Evaluation of image quality metrics at different observation zenith angles for an azimuth angle of 165°

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Table 4. Evaluation of image quality metrics at different observation zenith angles for an azimuth angle of 165°

$θ_{v}$ /（°）	Contrast			Average brightness			Standard deviation			Number of saturated pixels
$θ_{v}$ /（°）	$C_{S_{0}}$	$C_{P_{90 °}}$	$\frac{C_{P_{90 °}} - C_{S_{0}}}{C_{S_{0}}}$	${\bar{B}}_{S_{0}}$	${\bar{B}}_{P_{90 °}}$	$\frac{{\bar{B}}_{S_{0}} - {\bar{B}}_{P_{90 °}}}{{\bar{B}}_{S_{0}}}$	$σ_{S_{0}}$	$σ_{P_{90 °}}$	$\frac{σ_{S_{0}} - σ_{P_{90 °}}}{σ_{S_{0}}}$	$N_{s a t, S_{0}}$	$N_{s a t, P_{90 °}}$	$\frac{N_{s a t, S_{0}} - {N_{s a t,}}_{P_{90 °}}}{N_{s a t, S_{0}}}$
30	0.10	0.53	443%	68.52	55.49	19%	25.99	19.76	24%	1151	1137	1%
40	0.05	0.42	744%	64.35	56.43	12%	37.29	17.81	52%	1262	1075	15%
50	0.02	0.35	2088%	52.30	39.81	24%	45.85	16.92	63%	1553	1294	17%
60	0.04	0.35	861%	54.69	45.69	16%	34.26	13.98	59%	3636	2757	24%
70	0.60	0.68	13%	49.21	42.81	13%	27.35	15.61	43%	783	749	4%

Table 5. Evaluation of image quality metrics at different observation zenith angles for an azimuth angle of 150°

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Table 5. Evaluation of image quality metrics at different observation zenith angles for an azimuth angle of 150°

$θ_{v}$ /（°）	Contrast			Average brightness			Standard deviation			Number of saturated pixels
$θ_{v}$ /（°）	$C_{S_{0}}$	$C_{P_{90 °}}$	$\frac{C_{P_{90 °}} - C_{S_{0}}}{C_{S_{0}}}$	${\bar{B}}_{S_{0}}$	${\bar{B}}_{P_{90 °}}$	$\frac{{\bar{B}}_{S_{0}} - {\bar{B}}_{P_{90 °}}}{{\bar{B}}_{S_{0}}}$	$σ_{S_{0}}$	$σ_{P_{90 °}}$	$\frac{σ_{S_{0}} - σ_{P_{90 °}}}{σ_{S_{0}}}$	$N_{s a t, S_{0}}$	$N_{s a t, P_{90 °}}$	$\frac{N_{s a t, S_{0}} - {N_{s a t,}}_{P_{90 °}}}{N_{s a t, S_{0}}}$
30	0.05	0.40	782%	58.35	53.79	8%	29.20	24.00	18%	758	647	15%
40	0.46	0.53	14%	52.84	43.89	17%	29.67	16.86	43%	5431	4572	16%
50	0.02	0.54	3493%	71.68	51.03	29%	56.05	19.73	65%	831	685	18%
60	0.02	0.57	3713%	73.02	49.42	32%	52.34	17.10	67%	1020	756	26%
70	0.39	0.48	24%	70.04	56.95	19%	46.19	16.69	64%	909	753	17%

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Peng LIU, Xinyu NI, Jin DUAN, Jialin WANG, Kehan DONG. Optimal polarization detection angle estimation for sea surface glint suppression[J]. Optics and Precision Engineering, 2025, 33(13): 2036

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Paper Information

Category:

Received: Apr. 14, 2025

Accepted: --

Published Online: Aug. 28, 2025

The Author Email: Jin DUAN (duanjin@vip.sina.com)

DOI:10.37188/OPE.20253313.2036

Topics

laser devices and laser physics

Lasers and Laser Optics

Laser physics

laser manufacturing

Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology

Table 1. Gram-Charlier parameters

Table 1. Gram-Charlier parameters

Table 2. Optimal combination of observation zenith angle and solar incidence zenith angle when polarization degree reaches its maximum value

Table 2. Optimal combination of observation zenith angle and solar incidence zenith angle when polarization degree reaches its maximum value

Table 3. Evaluation of image quality metrics at different observation zenith angles for an azimuth angle of 180°

Table 3. Evaluation of image quality metrics at different observation zenith angles for an azimuth angle of 180°

Table 4. Evaluation of image quality metrics at different observation zenith angles for an azimuth angle of 165°

Table 4. Evaluation of image quality metrics at different observation zenith angles for an azimuth angle of 165°

Table 5. Evaluation of image quality metrics at different observation zenith angles for an azimuth angle of 150°

Table 5. Evaluation of image quality metrics at different observation zenith angles for an azimuth angle of 150°