Fig. 1. Transmission characteristics of the PBG structure. (a) Schematic diagram of a 1D PBG structure; (b) dispersion diagram of frequency vs. wavevector for the p-polarized light^[4]

Fig. 2. Schematic diagrams of BSW prism coupling structures. (a) Schematic diagram of BSW prism coupling device structure^[15]; (b) physical example of microfluidic device^[29]; (c) schematic of the 3D-printed BSW sensing structure^[30]; (d) schematic of the 3D-printed BSW mechanical structure^[30]

Fig. 3. Schematic diagrams of BSW grating coupling structures. (a) 1D grating structure^[31]; (b) circular grating structure and its SEM image^[10]; (c) 2D grating structure^[32]; (d) hybrid mode grating structure with added metal^[34]

Fig. 4. Schematic diagrams of BSW fiber coupling structures. (a) BSW detection and end-face coupling structure^[27]; (b) D-shaped fiber structure^[26]; (c) tapered fiber structure^[38]

Fig. 5. Schematic diagrams of BSW waveguide coupling structures. (a) Waveguide structure with a polymeric ridge on top^[40]; (b) cavity-waveguide structure^[43]

Fig. 6. Overall research structure block diagram of BSW detection technology

Fig. 7. Schematic diagram of BSW-enhanced fluorescence sensing detection^[49]

Fig. 8. Schematics of BSW label-free sensing detection^[52]. (a) Detection principle; (b) reflectance spectrum

Fig. 9. High-throughput detection results of BSW under label-free condition^[59]. (a) 384-spot microarray image displayed in natural colors; (b) 96-spot microarray image displayed in pseudo-color

Fig. 10. Schematic diagram of multi-channel BSW sensing detection system^[60]

Fig. 11. Experimental setup of BSW biosensing detection based on a D-shaped optical fiber^[61]. (a) SEM image of the sensing structure; (b) optical properties of two dielectric materials; (c) experimental setup for optical property characterization; (d) experimental setup for biological sample detection

Fig. 12. Dual-mode detection of miRNA using label-free and fluorescence methods^[62]. (a) Schematic diagram of sensor chip functionalization; (b) schematic of label-free detection principle; (c) schematic of fluorescence detection principle; (d) real-time monitoring of binding kinetics

Fig. 13. Dual-mode detection of VEGF using label-free and fluorescence methods^[67]. (a) Schematic of the experimental principle; (b) photograph of the disposable BSW biosensor chip; (c) functionalized surface of the chip; (d) reflectivity map in label-free mode; (e) fluorescence detection result

Fig. 14. Dual-mode detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibody using label-free and fluorescence methods^[68]. (a) Schematic diagram of disposable PBG chip and its microfluidic components; (b) schematic diagram of PBG chip structure

Fig. 15. Schematics of BSW-ARI imaging technology^[73]. (a) Experimental setup; (b) schematic of ARI; (c) BFP image of BSW; (d) SEM image of nanoparticles; (e) BSW-ARI imaging result

Fig. 16. Comparison between traditional microscopy and BSW-enhanced microscopy^[74]. (a) Reference image; (b) imaging result of traditional microscopy; (c) imaging result of BSW-enhanced microscopy; (d) magnified view of traditional microscopy image; (e) Fourier transform of traditional microscopy image; (f) Fourier transform of BSW-enhanced microscopy image; (g) magnified view of BSW-enhanced microscopy image; (h) lateral intensity profile of a single microsphere; (i) lateral intensity profile of two adjacent microspheres

Fig. 17. Schematic diagrams of BSW-SIM imaging technology^[75]. (a) Imaging diagram; (b) diagram of energy band structure; (c) diagram of spatial frequency extension; (d) top view of PBG structure