Fig. 1. Coating system of laser paint removal sample. (a) Schematic; (b) micrograph

Fig. 2. Schematic of laser cleaning equipment

Fig. 3. Schematic of laser scanning path

Fig. 4. Schematic of microhardness test (unit: mm)

Fig. 5. Finite element meshing

Fig. 6. Macro morphology photos of sample surface after paint removal under different energy densities. (a) 12.89 J/cm²；

Fig. 7. 2D and 3D surface morphologies of original sample and sample after laser paint removal.(a)(e) Original sample; (b)(f) 22.90 J/cm²; (c)(g) 24.34 J/cm²; (d)(h) 25.48 J/cm²

Fig. 8. S_a and PVHD of original sample and sample after laser paint removal

Fig. 9. Microhardnesses and typical indentation morphologies of samples. (a) Microhardness versus depth；(b) typical indentation morphologies at different depths and energy densities

Fig. 10. Surface XRD test results of original samples and samples after laser paint removal. (a) XRD pattern; (b) partial enlarged view of (200) diffraction peak; (c) FWHM of (200) diffraction peak

Fig. 11. Surface grain sizes and dislocation densities of original sample and sample after laser paint removal

Fig. 12. Schematics of surface layer microstructure evolution of substrate before and after paint removal

Fig. 13. Cloud diagrams of temperature field distributions under different energy densities. (a) 12.89 J/cm²; (b) 17.08 J/cm²;

Fig. 14. Temperature versus depth at different energy densities. (a) Paint layer residue; (b) paint layer removal