Superposition compression of different phase-shift structured illumination images in compressed imaging-based structured illumination super-resolution microscopy (CISIM) technique reduces the proportion of spectral modulation components, thereby affecting image reconstruction quality. To address this issue, a differential CISIM (DCISIM) technique is developed. This technique utilizes the reference difference between the compressed structured illumination and wide-field images to enhance the information content of high-frequency components and improve the quality of reconstructed images. In this study, the advantages of DCISIM technique are verified through simulation experiments, its performance under different noise levels is tested, and its characteristics and development prospects are briefly discussed. Results indicate that DCISIM technique can improve the accuracy and detailed resolution of reconstructed images and can provide a better super-resolution imaging effect under the condition of low noise intensity.