Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of 3D earth conductivity structure

Fig. 2. Comparison of induced electric field results near the coast obtained from 3D and 1D layered models at 0.001 Hz

Fig. 3. Comparison of 3D and 1D earth model results at different distances inland from the coast in the case of H-polarization

Fig. 4. Comparison of 3D and 1D earth model results at different distances inland from the coast in the case of E-polarization

Fig. 5. Block diagram of a synchronous generator excitation control system

Fig. 6. Diagram of the power system test case with a single synchronous generator

Fig. 7. Induced voltage on the transmission line and AC voltage of the load bus under geomagnetic storms

Fig. 8. Response of power system to HEMP E3 in the cases of different earth conductivity structures

Fig. 9. Response of power system with varying excitation control parameters to HEMP E3

Fig. 10. Response of the load transformer and the synchronous condenser at bus 85 in IEEE 118-bus test case with varying earth resistivity ρ