Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the conversion of optical topological quasiparticle with polarization devices.

Fig. 2. Simulation results for optical skyrmion conversion with polarization devices. (a) Input Stokes vector configuration and transverse component of Néel skyrmion. Output Stokes vector configuration and transverse component of (b) Bloch skyrmion converted by PR, (c) antiskyrmion with p=−1 converted by HWP, and (d) bimeron converted by two QWPs. The Stokes parameters for input skyrmion are shown inside the dashed circle.

Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of the vectorial optical field generator. SLM, spatial light modulator; SF, spatial filter; HWP, half-wave plate; QWP, quarter-wave plate; P, polarizer; M, mirror; BS, beam splitter; L, lens; C, optical skyrmion converter.

Fig. 4. Experimental results for optical skyrmion conversion. (a) Input Néel skyrmion and top view below. Output Stokes vector of (b) Bloch skyrmion converted by PR, (c) anti-skyrmion with p=−1 converted by HWP, and (d) bimeron converted by two QWPs with top view of the skyrmionic texture right. Numerically calculated skyrmion numbers are indicated in their respective panels.

Fig. 5. Experimental results for the superposition of two optical skyrmions SK1 and SK2. (a) The same input SK1: Néel skyrmion and top view below. (b) Schematic diagram of the superposition of two optical skyrmions. Superposition with same helicity of (c) input SK2 Néel skyrmion and (d) output SK3 Néel skyrmion. Superposition with different helicity of (e) input SK2 Bloch skyrmion and (f) output SK3 intermediate skyrmion. Superposition with different polarity of (g) input SK2 antiskyrmion and (h) output SK3 nonskyrmion.

Fig. 6. More experimental results for optical skyrmion conversion. (a) The intensity, state of polarization distribution of input Néel skyrmion, and corresponding Stokes components below. Output intensity, state of polarization distribution of (b) Bloch skyrmion converted by PR, (c) antiskyrmion with p=−1 converted by HWP, and (d) bimeron converted by two QWPs with corresponding Stokes components below.

Fig. 7. First row is the Stokes vector distribution, intensity with polarization distributions and transverse component of Stokes vector of the input SK1 Néel-type-1 with ϕγ=0 (a) and SK2 Bloch-type with ϕγ=π/2 (b), and output SK3 intermediate-type with ϕγ=π/4 (c). Second row corresponds to SK1 Néel-type-1 with ϕγ=0 (d) and SK2 Bloch-type with ϕγ=−π/2 (e), and output SK3 intermediate-type with ϕγ=−π/4 (f).

Fig. 8. First row is the Stokes vector distribution, intensity with polarization distributions and transverse component of Stokes vector of the input SK1 Néel-type-1 with ϕγ=0 (a) and SK2 antitype with p=−1,ϕγ=0 (b), and output SK3 nonskyrmion (c). Second row corresponds to SK1 Néel -type-1 with ϕγ=0 (d) and SK2 antitype-2 with p=−1,ϕγ=π (e), and output SK3 bimeron (f).

Fig. 9. More experimental results for superposition of Néel-type-1 and Néel-type-1. (a) Intensity with state of polarization distribution and Stokes components of input SK1 Néel-type-1. (b) corresponds to the input SK2 Néel-type-1. (c) corresponds to the output SK3 Néel-type-1.

Fig. 10. More experimental results for superposition of Néel-type-1 and Bloch-type-1. (a) Intensity with state of polarization distribution and Stokes components of input SK1 Néel-type-1. (b) corresponds to the input SK2 Bloch-type-1. (c) corresponds to the output SK3 intermediate-type-1.

Fig. 11. More experimental results for superposition of Néel-type-1 and antitype-1. (a) Intensity with state of polarization distribution and Stokes components of input SK1 Néel-type-1. (b) corresponds to the input SK2 antitype-1. (c) corresponds to the output SK3 nonskyrmion.