Fig. 1. Flowchart of optimization estimation and optimization simulation

Fig. 2. Standard reflectivity curves of four surface objects obtained by optimization estimation. (a) Water; (b) vegetation; (c) road; (d) building

Fig. 3. Comparisons of spectral curves of 6S and FLAASH atmospheric correction modes. (a) Water; (b) vegetation; (c) road; (d) building

Fig. 4. Effect of aerosol optical thickness at 550 nm on correction coefficients. (a) X_a; (b) X_b and X_c

Fig. 5. Effect of aerosol optical thickness at 550 nm on correction curves

Fig. 6. Atmospheric correction coefficients under different aerosol types

Fig. 7. Effect of aerosol types on correction curves

Fig. 8. Atmospheric correction coefficients under different sensitive factors. (a) X_a; (b) X_b; (c) X_c

Fig. 9. Atmospheric profiles of temperature, pressure, and humidity on August 1, 2021 by NCEP. (a) Temperature; (b) pressure; (c) humidity

Fig. 10. Flowchart of atmospheric correction

Fig. 11. Comparisons of water spectra before and after atmospheric correction. (a) Original reflection spectrum; (b) reflection spectrum after atmospheric correction; (c) relative error of reflectivity

Fig. 12. Correlation analysis of water spectra before and after atmospheric correction. (a) 6S mode; (b) 6S+NCEP mode

Fig. 13. Pixel-by-pixel error of 6S+NCEP correction spectra and standard curves

Fig. 14. Correlation charts for bands 12, 51, and 96. (a) Band 12; (b) band 51; (c) band 96

Fig. 15. Reflectivity and degree of improvement for bands 12, 51, and 96. (a) Water reflectivityt; (b) degree of improvement

Fig. 16. Effect of aerosol optical thickness on the error of inversion results. (a) Water reflectivity; (b) reflectivity error