To study the effects of cryogenic laser peening (CLP) on the damping characteristics and vibration fatigue life of TC6 titanium alloy, laser peening experiments at room temperature (25 ℃) and cryogenic temperature (-130 ℃) are performed in this study. Then, the microstructures of the samples prior and subsequent to laser peening are observed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The damping ratios of the samples prior and subsequent to the experiment are tested using the frequency response method. The vibration fatigue test of laser-peened samples is performed using the hydraulic vibration fatigue test system. The influence mechanism of CLP treatment on damping characteristics of the samples and its relationship with fatigue life are analyzed. Finally, the vibration fatigue fractures of the samples are observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results show that the CLP treatment can produce a large number of dislocations and deformation twins on the surface of the samples, effectively improving the damping ratio and vibration fatigue life of TC6 titanium alloy.