High Power Laser and Particle Beams, Volume. 34, Issue 12, 129001(2022)
An automatic focusing algorithm based on U-Net for target location in multiple depth-of-field scene
Figures & Tables(21)
Fig. 1. Multi-depth-of-field images of the object in the foreground and in the background
Fig. 2. Focus evaluation function curve in multi-depth-of-field scene
Fig. 6. Flow to locate the target and set the corresponding window
Fig. 8. For a group of images, the prediction map obtained by U-net and the images to be evaluated
Fig. 10. Focus evaluation function curves of the second group of images off and with windows
Fig. 11. Focus evaluation function curves of the third group of images off and with windows
Fig. 12. Focus evaluation function curves of the fourth group of images before and after adding windows
Fig. 13. Focus evaluation function curves of the fifth group of images before and after
Fig. 14. Image obtained by the central window method and obtained by the proposed method
Fig. 15. Focus evaluation function of central window method and window method proposed in this paper
Table 1. Evaluation indexes of focus evaluation functions of group one
View tableView in ArticleTable 1. Evaluation indexes of focus evaluation functions of group one
function w/pix R/pix S/pix δSE/pix ɑ/pcs Τ/s ϛ/pcs SMD 24 6.8875 0.0411 7.2582 0 1.6137 1 Roberts 24 7.3431 0.0410 6.8648 0 1.6456 1 Sobel 24 1.4623 0.0389 1.2439 0 3.1041 1 Brenner 23 8.1275 0.0420 5.8426 0 1.2990 1 SML 22 1.3183 0.0409 0.9761 1 2.1598 1 SMD-Roberts 23 1404.7 0.0434 121.69 0 2.2995 1
Table 2. Evaluation indexes of focus evaluation functions of group two
View tableView in ArticleTable 2. Evaluation indexes of focus evaluation functions of group two
function w/pix R/pix S/pix δSE/pix ɑ/pcs Τ/s ϛ/pcs SMD/SMD-W 29/25 2.1698/2.5157 0.0325/0.0283 1.9085/0.839 3/0 2.0453/2.1611 1/1 Roberts/Roberts-W 29/25 2.2958/2.5687 0.0324/0.0278 1.7515/0.7671 2/0 2.2270/2.0975 1/1 Sobel/Sobel-W 29/28 1.5113/1.7246 0.0307/0.0315 1.8000/2.9075 0/0 3.6727/3.7181 1/1 Brenner/Brenner-W 30/30 2.8219/3.7761 0.0311/0.0314 1.5077/4.0807 2/0 1.6520/1.5994 1/1 SML/SML-W 28/27 1.1721/1.2726 0.0344/0.0335 1.7768/3.7476 2/2 2.5761/2.6616 1/1
Table 3. Evaluation indexes of focus evaluation functions of group three
View tableView in ArticleTable 3. Evaluation indexes of focus evaluation functions of group three
function w/pix R/pix S/pix δSE/pix ɑ/pcs Τ/s ϛ/pcs SMD/SMD-W 6/11 18.6244/10.0582 0.1372/0.0891 3.1678/21.556 1/0 1.6038/1.6348 1/1 Roberts/Roberts-W 6/11 14.2448/7.6339 0.1328/0.0886 2.2774/15.969 1/0 1.8546/1.6742 1/1 Sobel/Sobel-W 8/11 3.0674/3.7650 0.1005/0.0871 1.9598/9.0097 1/0 3.2885/3.3039 1/1 Brenner/Brenner-W 6/10 10.2044/11.6104 0.1269/0.0942 2.0341/10.880 1/0 1.2648/1.2660 1/1 SML/SML-W 7/11 1.43591/9.3751 0.0734/0.0890 0.3356/19.314 1/0 2.4652/1.9295 0.86/1
Table 4. Evaluation indexes of focus evaluation functions of group four
View tableView in ArticleTable 4. Evaluation indexes of focus evaluation functions of group four
function w/pix R/pix S/pix δSE/pix ɑ/pcs Τ/s ϛ/pcs SMD/SMD-W 22/21 12.374/3.5626 0.0448/0.0459 3.8276/5.0336 1/0 1.5648/1.5551 0.90/1 Roberts/Roberts-W 22/21 13.184/3.4488 0.0449/0.0458 3.6610/4.7100 1/0 1.5518/1.6737 0.90/1 Sobel/Sobel-W 22/21 1.9829/1.6798 0.0421/0.0440 1.0151/1.7624 2/1 2.9408/2.9797 0.90/1 Brenner/Brenner-W 22/22 12.778/10.217 0.0448/0.0450 4.4590/6.5856 2/1 1.2274/1.2255 0.90/1 SML/SML-W 22/21 1.4090/1.2870 0.0409/0.0397 0.7853/0.8094 1/1 2.5329/1.9305 0.90/1
Table 5. Evaluation indexes of focus evaluation functions of group five
View tableView in ArticleTable 5. Evaluation indexes of focus evaluation functions of group five
function w/pix R/pix S/pix δSE/pix ɑ/pcs Τ/s ϛ/pcs SMD/SMD-W 29/26 3.5789/2.3022 0.0335/0.0377 0.0334/2.9570 1/0 2.1879/2.1025 0.94/1 Roberts/Roberts-W 29/26 3.8800/2.3054 0.0334/0.0376 1.9252/2.7358 1/1 2.2622/2.0914 0.94/1 Sobel/Sobel-W 27/28 1.5170/1.4799 0.0324/0.0347 0.8593/0.8298 1/1 4.4030/3.9267 1/1 Brenner/Brenner-W 27/28 4.3384/4.4870 0.0352/0.0353 2.1226/1.8485 1/1 1.7418/1.6939 1/1 SML/SML-W 28/28 1.3850/1.3531 0.0345/0.0353 1.2580/0.8797 2/1 2.7556/2.6546 1/1
Table 6. Evaluation indexes of focus evaluation functions of center window method and proposed method
View tableView in ArticleTable 6. Evaluation indexes of focus evaluation functions of center window method and proposed method
function w/pix R/pix S/pix δSE/pix ɑ/pcs Τ/s ϛ/pcs SMD-C/SMD-W 10/11 3.5506/10.0582 0.0861/0.0891 0.0861/21.556 3/0 1.6262/1.5907 1/1 Roberts-C/Roberts-W 10/11 2.8268/7.6339 0.08214/0.0886 1.9627/15.969 3/0 1.6108/1.6742 1/1 Sobel-C/Sobel-W 8/11 3.0189/3.7650 0.1045/0.0871 2.3171/9.0097 1/0 2.9433/3.3039 1/1 Brenner-C/Brenner-W 10/10 3.0372/11.610 0.0804/0.0942 1.9952/10.880 4/0 1.2488/1.2660 1/1 SML-C/SML-W 11/11 6.4727/1.6053 0.0827/0.0746 4.3409/1.8873 0/0 1.8998/2.1836 1/1
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Luyao Liang, Xiaoyun Zhao, Jinquan Zhao. An automatic focusing algorithm based on U-Net for target location in multiple depth-of-field scene[J]. High Power Laser and Particle Beams, 2022, 34(12): 129001
Paper Information
Category: Advanced Interdisciplinary Science
Received: Mar. 28, 2022
Accepted: Oct. 9, 2022
Published Online: Nov. 10, 2022
The Author Email: Xiaoyun Zhao (zhaoxiaoyun2012@cdut.cn)
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