Fig. 1. Multiple degrees of freedom of photons and typical structured light with shaped spatial structure.

Fig. 2. Summary of structured light manipulation by different approaches.

Fig. 3. Advances of metasurfaces and a summary of different approaches of plasmonic and dielectric metasurfaces.

Fig. 4. Plasmonic metasurfaces enabling (a) OAM-carrying vector beam generation and (b) OAM multicasting. (a) Rectangular air aperture array in a gold film. (b) V-shaped gold antenna array on silicon.

Fig. 5. Reflection-enhanced plasmonic metasurface enabling phase/intensity helix generation.

Fig. 6. Metasurface (rectangular aperture array) on a fiber facet (G.652 fiber).

Fig. 7. Metasurface (V-shaped antenna array) on a fiber facet (large-core fiber).

Fig. 8. Dielectric metasurface (silicon elliptical resonator array) on an SOI platform.

Fig. 9. Twisted light (de)multiplexing data information transfer by dielectric metasurfaces.

Fig. 10. Principle of optical vortex (OV) lattice generation using three-plane-wave interference.

Fig. 11. (a),(b) Concept and (c)–(f) simulation results of on-chip OV lattice emitter on a silicon platform.

Fig. 12. Experimental results for on-chip OV lattice emitter on a silicon platform. (a) Setup. (b) Microscope image. (c) SEM images. (d) Near-field intensity profile. (e) Far-field intensity profile. (f) Far-field interferogram.

Fig. 13. (a)–(d) Concept, (e) SEM image, and (f)–(k) measured results for chip-scale generation and synthesization of OAM modes on a silicon platform.

Fig. 14. Trends, challenges, perspectives, and opportunities of robust structured light manipulation using dynamic metasurfaces (from static to dynamic, from passive to active).