Fig. 1. Schematic of TTM-MD model

Fig. 2. Snapshots of structure evolution under laser fluence of 200 mJ/cm²

Fig. 3. Lattice temperature field distributions and evolutions under different laser fluences. (a) 200 mJ/cm²; (b) 100 mJ/cm²; (c) 50 mJ/cm²; (d) 20 mJ/cm²

Fig. 4. Analysis of sectional structures. (a) Snapshots of sectional structure under different laser fluences; (b) removal depth and modification layer thickness versus laser fluence

Fig. 5. MD simulation for phase explosion. (a) Total energy during heating and cluster size distribution after explosive boiling; (b) snapshot of atomic configuration after homogeneous nucleation of superheated liquid and locally enlarged image

Fig. 6. Simulated cluster size distributions of ablation plumes. (a) Laser fluence of 20 mJ/cm²; (b) laser fluence of 50 mJ/cm²; (c) laser fluence of 100 mJ/cm²; (d) laser fluence of 200 mJ/cm²