Fig. 1. La_1–xSr_xMnO₃ reported by Ju et al.^[11]: (a) Curves of the resistivity ρ versus the test temperature T; (b) electron energy loss spectra. 由Ju等^[11]报道的La_1–xSr_xMnO₃系列样品　(a)电阻率ρ随测试温度T的变化关系; (b)电子能量损失谱

Fig. 2. A binding energy scale for valence state of oxygen at the O 1s peaks, proposed by Dupin et al. ^[17]Dupin等^[17]提出的O 1s谱峰所对应的氧离子价态示意图

Fig. 3. Illustrations of (a) a Weiss electron pair and (b) and (c) itinerant electrons in the outer orbits of adjacent ions^[33]. 近邻离子外层电子轨道的(a)外斯电子对和(b), (c)巡游电子示意图^[33]

Fig. 4. Dependences on the atom number (N) of the binding energy (E_b) of 1 s electron in a crystal and the ionization energy (V_N) of 1 s electron in an free atom^[52,53]晶体中离子对1s电子的束缚能E_b和自由原子中1s电子的电离能V_N随原子序数N的变化^[52,53]

Fig. 5. Valence band photoelectron spectra of samples CaO, ZnO, MnFe₂O₄ and ZnFe₂O₄^[55]CaO, ZnO, MnFe₂O₄, ZnFe₂O₄的价带光电子谱^[55]