Acta Optica Sinica, Volume. 41, Issue 1, 0108001(2021)

Freeform Imaging Optical System Design: Theories, Development, and Applications

Tong Yang1,2, Yingzhe Duan1,2, Dewen Cheng1,2, and Yongtian Wang1,2、*
Author Affiliations
  • 1School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
  • 2Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, Beijing 100081, China
  • show less
    References(154)

    [1] Thompson K P, Rolland J P. Freeform optical surfaces: a revolution in imaging optical design[J]. Optics & Photonics News, 23, 30-35(2012).

    [3] Reimers J, Bauer A, Thompson K P et al. Freeform spectrometer enabling increased compactness[J]. Light: Science & Applications, 6, e17026(2017).

    [5] Wu R M, Xu L, Liu P et al. Freeform illumination design: a nonlinear boundary problem for the elliptic Monge-Ampére equation[J]. Optics Letters, 38, 229-231(2013).

    [7] Wang K, Chen F, Liu Z Y et al. Design of compact freeform lens for application specific light-emitting diode packaging[J]. Optics Express, 18, 413-425(2010).

    [9] Wu R, Yang L, Ding Z et al. Precise light control in highly tilted geometry by freeform illumination optics[J]. Optics Letters, 44, 2887-2890(2019).

    [11] Lee R W B, To S S, Cheung B C F[M]. Design, machining and measurement technologies of ultra-precision freeform optics(2015).

    [13] Cheng D W. Study on design methods of freeform imaging systems and their application in head-mounted displays[D]. Beijing: Beijing Institute of Technology(2011).

    [14] Zernike F. Inflection theory of the cutting method and its improved form, the phase contrast method[J]. Physica, 1, 689-704(1934).

    [16] Forbes G W. Shape specification for axially symmetric optical surfaces[J]. Optics Express, 15, 5218-5226(2007).

    [19] Cakmakci O, Moore B, Foroosh H et al. Optimal local shape description for rotationally non-symmetric optical surface design and analysis[J]. Optics Express, 16, 1583-1589(2008).

    [20] Piegl L, Tiller W. The NURBS book[M]. 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer(1997).

    [21] Hopkins H H[M]. Wave theory of aberrations(1950).

    [23] Thompson K P, Schmid T, Cakmakci O et al. Real-ray-based method for locating individual surface aberration field centers in imaging optical systems without rotational symmetry[J]. Journal of The Optical Society of America A-optics Image Science and Vision, 26, 1503-1517(2009).

    [24] Thompson K. Description of the third-order optical aberrations of near-circular pupil optical systems without symmetry[J]. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 22, 1389-1401(2005).

    [25] Thompson K P. Multinodal fifth-order optical aberrations of optical systems without rotational symmetry: spherical aberration[J]. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 26, 1090-1100(2009).

    [26] Thompson K P. Multinodal fifth-order optical aberrations of optical systems without rotational symmetry: the comatic aberrations[J]. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 27, 1490-1504(2010).

    [27] Thompson K P. Multinodal fifth-order optical aberrations of optical systems without rotational symmetry: the astigmatic aberrations[J]. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 28, 821-836(2011).

    [28] Schmid T, Rolland J P, Rakich A et al. Separation of the effects of astigmatic figure error from misalignments using Nodal Aberration Theory (NAT)[J]. Optics Express, 18, 17433-17447(2010).

    [31] Yang T, Zhu J, Jin G F. Nodal aberration properties of coaxial imaging systems using Zernike polynomial surfaces[J]. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 32, 822-836(2015).

    [32] Yang T, Cheng D W, Wang Y T. Aberration analysis for freeform surface terms overlay on general decentered and tilted optical surfaces[J]. Optics Express, 26, 7751-7770(2018).

    [33] Ju G H, Yan C X, Gu Z Y et al. Computation of astigmatic and trefoil figure errors and misalignments for two-mirror telescopes using nodal-aberration theory[J]. Applied Optics, 55, 3373-3386(2016).

    [34] Zhu J, Wu X F, Yang T et al. Generating optical freeform surfaces considering both coordinates and normals of discrete data points[J]. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 31, 2401-2408(2014).

    [35] Andrew Hicks R. Controlling a ray bundle with a free-form reflector[J]. Optics Letters, 33, 1672-1674(2008).

    [38] Mahajan V N[M]. Optical imaging and aberrations(1998).

    [39] Vaskas E M. Note on the Wasserman-Wolf method for designing aspheric surfaces[J]. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 47, 669-670(1957).

    [40] Knapp D J. Conformal optical design[D]. Tucson: The University of Arizona(2002).

    [44] Andrew Hicks R, Croke C. Designing coupled free-form surfaces[J]. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 27, 2132-2137(2010).

    [45] Minano J C, Gonzalez J C. New method of design of nonimaging concentrators[J]. Applied Optics, 31, 3051-3060(1992).

    [46] Minano J C, Benitez P, Gonzalez J C. RX: a nonimaging concentrator[J]. Applied Optics, 34, 2226-2235(1995).

    [47] Winston R, Miñano J C, Benitez P G. Nonimaging optics[M]. Amsterdam: Elsevier(2005).

    [48] Miñano J C, Benítez P, Lin W et al. An application of the SMS method for imaging designs[J]. Optics Express, 17, 24036-24044(2009).

    [53] Nie Y F, Thienpont H, Duerr F. Multi-fields direct design approach in 3D: calculating a two-surface freeform lens with an entrance pupil for line imaging systems[J]. Optics Express, 23, 34042-34054(2015).

    [54] Nie Y F, Mohedano R, Benitez P et al. Multifield direct design method for ultrashort throw ratio projection optics with two tailored mirrors[J]. Applied Optics, 55, 3794-3800(2016).

    [56] Yang T, Zhu J, Wu X F et al. Direct design of freeform surfaces and freeform imaging systems with a point-by-point three-dimensional construction-iteration method[J]. Optics Express, 23, 10233-10246(2015).

    [57] Yang T, Zhu J, Jin G F. Starting configuration design method of freeform imaging and afocal systems with a real exit pupil[J]. Applied Optics, 55, 345-353(2016).

    [61] Wu X F, Jin G F, Zhu J. Freeform illumination design model for multiple light sources simultaneously[J]. Applied Optics, 56, 2405-2411(2017).

    [63] Yang T, Cheng D W, Wang Y T. Freeform imaging spectrometer design using a point-by-point design method[J]. Applied Optics, 57, 4718-4727(2018).

    [65] Zhong Y, Gross H. Initial system design method for non-rotationally symmetric systems based on Gaussian brackets and nodal aberration theory[J]. Optics Express, 25, 10016-10030(2017).

    [68] Papa J C, Howard J M, Rolland J P. Starting point designs for freeform four-mirror systems[J]. Optical Engineering, 57, 101705(2018).

    [69] Sasian J M. How to approach the design of a bilateral symmetric optical system[J]. Optical Engineering, 33, 2045-2062(1994).

    [70] Chang S. Linear astigmatism of confocal off-axis reflective imaging systems with N-conic mirrors and its elimination[J]. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 32, 852-859(2015).

    [71] Papa J C, Howard J M, Rolland J P. Automatic solution space exploration for freeform optical design. [C]∥Optical Design and Fabrication 2019 (Freeform, OFT), June 10-12, 2019, Washington, D.C.: OSA, FM4B, 1(2019).

    [73] Wetherell W B. -12-23[P]. Womble D A. All-reflective three element objective: US4240707.(1980).

    [74] Horisaki R, Takagi R, Tanida J. Deep-learning-generated holography[J]. Applied Optics, 57, 3859-3863(2018).

    [76] Jin K H. McCann M T, Froustey E, et al. Deep convolutional neural network for inverse problems in imaging[J]. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 26, 4509-4522(2017).

    [82] Fischer R E, Tadic-Galeb B, Yoder P R. Optical system design[M]. New York: SPIE(2008).

    [84] Fuerschbach K, Rolland J P, Thompson K P. A new family of optical systems employing φ-polynomial surfaces[J]. Optics Express, 19, 21919-21928(2011).

    [85] Bauer A, Rolland J P. Design of a freeform electronic viewfinder coupled to aberration fields of freeform optics[J]. Optics Express, 23, 28141-28153(2015).

    [87] Cheng D W, Wang Y T, Hua H. Automatic image performance balancing in lens optimization[J]. Optics Express, 18, 11574-11588(2010).

    [89] Chrisp M. Method of. -10-08[P]. system for optimizing NURBS surfaces for an imaging system: US-10437943.(2019).

    [90] Chrisp M P, Primeau B, Echter M A. Imaging freeform optical systems designed with NURBS surfaces[J]. Optical Engineering, 55, 071208(2016).

    [91] Yang T, Jin G F, Zhu J. Automated design of freeform imaging systems[J]. Light: Science & Applications, 6, e17081(2017).

    [95] Trumper I, Aftab M, Kim D W. Freeform surface selection based on parametric fitness function using modal wavefront fitting[J]. Optics Express, 27, 6815-6831(2019).

    [98] Plummer W T. Free-form optical components in some early commercial products[J]. Proceedings of SPIE, 5865, 586509(2005).

    [99] Plummer W T. Unusual optics of the Polaroid SX-70 Land camera[J]. Applied Optics, 21, 196-202(1982).

    [100] Rogers J R. Aberrations of unobscured reflective optical systems[D]. Tucson: The University of Arizona(1983).

    [102] Zhu J, Hou W, Zhang X D et al. Design of a low F-number freeform off-axis three-mirror system with rectangular field-of-view[J]. Journal of Optics, 17, 015605(2015).

    [107] Zhang X J, Xue D L, Li M et al. Designing, fabricating, and testing freeform surfaces for space optics[J]. Proceedings of SPIE, 8838, 88380N(2013).

    [108] Meng Q Y, Wang H Y, Wang K J et al. Off-axis three-mirror freeform telescope with a large linear field of view based on an integration mirror[J]. Applied Optics, 55, 8962-8970(2016).

    [109] Meng Q Y, Wang H Y, Liang W J et al. Design of off-axis three-mirror systems with ultrawide field of view based on an expansion process of surface freeform and field of view[J]. Applied Optics, 58, 609-615(2019).

    [111] Jahn W, Ferrari M, Hugot E. Innovative focal plane design for large space telescope using freeform mirrors[J]. Optica, 4, 1188-1195(2017).

    [113] Howard J, West G, Trumper I et al. -09-07)[2020-05-09]. https:∥www.zhangqiaokeyan.com/ntis-science-report_other_thesis/020717857.html.(2015).

    [118] Liu X Y, Gong T T, Jin G F et al. Design method for assembly-insensitive freeform reflective optical systems[J]. Optics Express, 26, 27798-27811(2018).

    [121] Cheng D W, Wang Y T, Hua H et al. Design of a wide-angle, lightweight head-mounted display using free-form optics tiling[J]. Optics Letters, 36, 2098-2100(2011).

    [125] Huang H K, Hua H. High-performance integral-imaging-based light field augmented reality display using freeform optics[J]. Optics Express, 26, 17578-17590(2018).

    [128] Wilson A, Hua H. Design and demonstration of a vari-focal optical see-through head-mounted display using freeform Alvarez lenses[J]. Optics Express, 27, 15627-15637(2019).

    [133] Han J, Liu J, Yao X C et al. Portable waveguide display system with a large field of view by integrating freeform elements and volume holograms[J]. Optics Express, 23, 3534-3549(2015).

    [134] Yang J M, Twardowski P, Gerard P et al. Design of a large field-of-view see-through near to eye display with two geometrical waveguides[J]. Optics Letters, 41, 5426-5429(2016).

    [138] Ma T, Yu J C, Liang P et al. Design of a freeform varifocal panoramic optical system with specified annular center of field of view[J]. Optics Express, 19, 3843-3853(2011).

    [139] laser scanning unit: US7852566[P]. -12-14. Shih B Y. Single F-theta lens used for micro-electro mechanical system, MEMS(2010).

    [140] Hirata K. -03-02[P]. Yatsu M. Projection-type image display apparatus: US7670009.(2010).

    [142] Mann H J. -12-17[P]. Shafer D. Imaging optical system, projection exposure installation for microlithography with an imaging optical system of this type: US8610877.(2013).

    [146] Brückner A[M]. Multiaperture cameras, 191-250(2013).

    [149] Pang K, Fang F Z, Song L et al. Bionic compound eye for 3D motion detection using an optical freeform surface[J]. Journal of the Optical Society of America B, 34, B28(2017).

    [150] Pang K. Study on design and application of optical imaging systems based on micro lens arrays[D]. Tianjin: Tianjin University(2017).

    [151] Li H, Naples N J, Zhao X et al. An integrated approach to design and fabrication of a miniature endoscope using freeform optics[J]. Advanced Optical Technologies, 5, 335-342(2016).

    [152] Chang C W, Sun H Y, Horng C T et al. Progressive rear-view mirror for motorcycles[J]. Optics Express, 24, 29283-29294(2016).

    [154] Nie Y F, Gross H, Zhong Y et al. Freeform optical design for a nonscanning corneal imaging system with a convexly curved image[J]. Applied Optics, 56, 5630-5638(2017).

    Tools

    Get Citation

    Copy Citation Text

    Tong Yang, Yingzhe Duan, Dewen Cheng, Yongtian Wang. Freeform Imaging Optical System Design: Theories, Development, and Applications[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2021, 41(1): 0108001

    Download Citation

    EndNote(RIS)BibTexPlain Text
    Save article for my favorites
    Paper Information

    Category: Geometric Optics

    Received: May. 9, 2020

    Accepted: Jun. 11, 2020

    Published Online: Jul. 31, 2020

    The Author Email: Wang Yongtian (wyt@bit.edu.cn)

    DOI:10.3788/AOS202141.0108001

    Topics