Fig. 1. Principle of nanosecond laser texturing and grid pattern of micro-texture

Fig. 2. Schematic of laser joining of CFRP to TC4

Fig. 3. Schematic of tensile-shear testing on TC4/CFRP laser bonded joint

Fig. 4. Three-dimensional morphologies of micro-texture with various widths on TC4 surface. (a) Untreated TC4; (b) micro-texture width of 0.1 mm; (c) micro-texture width of 0.2 mm; (d) micro-texture width of 0.3 mm; (e) micro-texture width of 0.4 mm; (f) micro-texture width of 0.5 mm

Fig. 5. Surface roughness of TC4 with different micro-texture widths

Fig. 6. Contact angle of melted CFRP on TC4 surface with various micro-texture widths

Fig. 7. Macroscopic morphologies of typical laser joined joint of CFRP to TC4. (a) Top view; (b) back view

Fig. 8. Optical morphologies of typical laser joined TC4/CFRP joints near interface with various micro-texture widths.(a) Untreated TC4; (b) micro-texture width of 0.1 mm; (c) micro-texture width of 0.2 mm; (d) micro-texture width of 0.3 mm; (e) micro-texture width of 0.4 mm; (f) micro-texture width of 0.5 mm

Fig. 9. SEM morphologies and elements distributions of typical laser joined TC4/CFRP joint. (a)(b) Untreated TC4; (c)(d) micro-textured TC4

Fig. 10. Fitting curves of Ti2p XPS peaks of TC4/CFRP laser joining interface with laser micro-texture

Fig. 11. Shear fore of TC4/CFRP joint with various micro-texture widths

Fig. 12. Three-dimensional fracture images of typical TC4/CFRP joint

Fig. 13. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and element distributions of typical TC4/CFRP joint fracture

Fig. 14. Schematic of laser joining mechanism