Fig. 1. Schematic of transmission Mueller matrix microscope based on dual rotating retarders^[24]

Fig. 2. Collinear reflection Mueller matrix microscope based on dual rotating retarders^[16]. (a) Physical map; (b) structural diagram

Fig. 3. Results measured by DRR-CRMMM and oblique incident illumination reflection Mueller matrix imaging system^[16]. (a)(b) Oblique incident illumination reflection Mueller matrix imaging system;(c)(d) DRR-CRMMM

Fig. 4. DoFP linear polarization CCD and corresponding Mueller matrix microscope. (a) Diagram of pixelated micropolarizer array of DoFP linear polarization CCD^[18] ;(b) schematic of transmission Mueller matrix microscope based on dual DoFP linear polarization CCDs^[22]

Fig. 5. Polarization parameter images of nonstained dewaxing slice of cancerous liver tissue with fibrosis in F4 stage^[14]. (a) δ; (b) t; (c)θ; (d) x

Fig. 6. Average values of δ and t for cancerous liver tissue slice polarization parameter images in different stages ^[14]

Fig. 7. Statistical distribution histograms of θ for cancerous liver tissue slice polarization parameter images in different stages ^[14]

Fig. 8. Quantitative characterization for three distinctive pathological features (cell nuclei, aligned collagen, and disorganized collagen) in 4 different breast tissues using PFPs ^[35]. (a) Healthy breast tissue; (b) breast fibroma; (c) breast ductal carcinoma; (d) breast mucinous carcinoma

Fig. 9. Polarization parameter images of red blood cell smear^[22]. (a) D; (b) α_D