Fig. 1. Schematic drawing for pulsed-high-magnetic-field polarization measurement system.

Fig. 2. Pulsed magnetic fields generated by different capaciter banks (Inset: A full pulse including both positive and negative pulsed magnetic fields).

Fig. 3. (a) Circuit diagram of electric polarization measurement; (b) measurement paths in steady and pulsed magnetic fields (The sawtooth lines denote the measuring process with applying voltage).

Fig. 4. (a) The sample probe for electric polarization measure-ment; (b) the bottom of the probe (Left: a standard design; right: a rotation probe).

Fig. 5. Electric polarization measurement of multiferroic Co₄Nb₂O₉: (a) Raw data; (b) the resulting P(H) curve.

Fig. 6. Polarization curves of polycrystalline Ni₂V₂O₇ in high magnetic fields (ΔP = P(H) – P(H = 0))^[11]

Fig. 7. Study on polarization reversal and magnetoelectric memory effect of Ni₃V₂O₈ in different voltages (First, an electric field of +500 kV/m is applied to measure the electric polarization at 1.6 K. Then, two successive pulsed fields are performed by applying an electric field of –500 kV/m).

Fig. 8. Angle-dependent polarization measurements of Co₂V₂O₇ in high magnetic fields (the magnetic field is rotated in the bc plane, and the angle between the magnetic field and the c-axis direction is represented by θ).