Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, Volume. 58, Issue 14, 1430002(2021)
Classification of Rubber Soles by X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry Based on Multiple Linear Regression
Figures & Tables(12)
Table 1. List of relevant information of rubber sole samples
View tableTable 1. List of relevant information of rubber sole samples
No. Brand Shoe type Male or female 1 AOKANG Leather shoe Female 2 YONGLIANG Leather shoe Male 3 NIKE Casual shoe Male 4 Unknown Running shoe Male 5 Crocodile Leather shoe Male 6 Louis Leather shoe Male 7 YONGLIANG Leather shoe Male (special sole material) 8 PLOVER Leather shoe Male 9 GA Leather shoe Male (military sole material) 10 Camel Leather shoe Male 11 SHEN TA Casual shoe Female 12 JRV NALI Leather shoe Male 13 DAPHNE Leather shoe Female 14 People's Public Security University of China Leather shoe Male 15 DAPHNE Leather shoe Female No. Brand Shoe type Male or female 16 Z.Suo Casual shoe Male 17 Warrior Casual shoe Male 18 LiNing Basketball shoe Male 19 ANTA Basketball shoe Male 20 OLUNPO Leather shoe Male 21 361° Basketball shoe Male 22 NIKE Basketball shoe Male 23 Unknown Leather shoe Male 24 AOKANG Leather shoe Female 25 YANG DA Casual shoe Male 26 NIKE Running shoe Male 27 361° Casual shoe Male 28 NIKE Slipper Male 29 YINGYUEGU Leather shoe Male 30 MISTRAL Casual shoe Male 31 PUMA Casual shoe Male 32 SENDA Leather shoe Male 33 NIKE Soccer shoe Male 34 NiuAiKe Leather shoe Male 35 AOKANG Leather shoe Male 36 AOKANG Leather shoe Male 37 Adidas Casual shoe Male 38 People's Public Security University of China Leather shoe Male 39 People's Public SecurityUniversity of China Leather shoe Male 40 People's Public Security University of China Leather shoe Male
Table 2. Variable description
View tableTable 2. Variable description
Variable Explanation of variables Kind Leather shoes are marked as 1 and other types of shoes are marked as 0 Gender 1 for men's shoes and 0 for women's shoes Element Seven kinds of elements in rubber sole
Table 3. Descriptive statistical results of types of shoes
View tableTable 3. Descriptive statistical results of types of shoes
Kind Frequency Proportion /% Cumulative proportion /% Leather shoe 23 57.5 57.5 Casual shoe 9 22.5 80.0 Basketball shoe 4 10.0 90.0 Running shoe 2 5.0 95.0 Football shoe 1 2.5 97.5 Slipper 1 2.5 100.0
Table 4. Statistical analysis of sample element content
View tableTable 4. Statistical analysis of sample element content
Element Mean /10-6 Std. Dev. /10-6 Min /10-6 Max /10-6 Ca 22572.8 29050.95 135 128227 Ti 6010.625 11462.14 0 49237 Zn 9464.025 6429.343 32 26219 Pb 386.525 1372.053 0 7975 Fe 605.175 1027.582 0 4959 Cu 69.25 55.83802 0 201 Sb 69.575 53.30747 0 285
Table 5. Re-regression results of sample element content
View tableTable 5. Re-regression results of sample element content
Variable Robust ηCoef EStd t P [95%Conf. Interval] Gender -0.2304934 0.2608486 -0.88 0.384 -0.7624976 0.3015108 Ca -4.44×10-6 1.68×10-6 -2.65 0.013 -7.86×10-6 -1.02×10-6 Zn 6.05×10-6 0.0000129 0.47 0.641 -0.0000202 0.0000323 Fe 0.0001524 0.00008 1.91 0.066 -0.0000107 0.0003154 Sb 0.0010258 0.0006019 1.7 0.098 -0.0002018 0.0022534 Cu -0.0022586 0.0012021 -1.88 0.07 -0.0047104 0.0001931 Ti -0.0000199 4.46×10-6 -4.46 0 -0.000029 -0.0000108 Pb -0.0000317 0.0000385 -0.82 0.417 -0.0001103 0.0000469 Cons 0.9443076 0.3006426 3.14 0.004 0.3311431 1.557472
Table 6. Average element content of different shoes
View tableTable 6. Average element content of different shoes
Variable Element content /10-6 Ca Cu Ti Fe Sb Others 28689.18 80.35 12992.82 170.53 58.06 Leather shoe 18052.00 61.04 849.87 926.43 78.09
Table 7. Standardized regression results of each element in the sample
View tableTable 7. Standardized regression results of each element in the sample
Variable ηCoef EStd t P α Ca -4.45×10-6 2.18×10-6 -2.04 0.049 -0.2581123 Cu -0.0022486 0.0011303 -1.99 0.055 -0.2507974 Ti -0.0000198 5.51×10-6 -3.59 0.001 -0.4522083 Fe 0.0001799 0.0000635 2.83 0.008 0.3693422 Cons 0.8409447 0.1178095 7.14 0
Table 8. Test results of multicollinearity
View tableTable 8. Test results of multicollinearity
Variable FVIF 1/FVIF Fe 1.11 0.897329 Ca 1.05 0.95281 Ti 1.04 0.958093 Cu 1.04 0.958947 Mean FVIF 1.06
Table 9. Element content of misclassified samples
View tableTable 9. Element content of misclassified samples
Sample No. Element content /10-6 Ca Fe Cu Ti 28 1261 0 30 0 32 2285 0 72 2074 35 21528 1170 123 0 38 16272 0 24 2394 39 2934 0 8 1365
Table 10. Sample regression results of simulating the real situation of cases
View tableTable 10. Sample regression results of simulating the real situation of cases
Variable Element content /10-6 Score rating Ca Cu Ti Fe Yongliang leather shoe 2172 0 0 647 0.947675 Yongliang leather shoe (combustion group) 2312 0 0 601 0.938776 Crocodile leather shoe 17573 0 0 888 0.922496 Crocodile leather shoe (bloodstain group) 16326 0 0 828 0.917251 Z. Suo casual shoe 80073 0 21045 0 0.067929 Z. Suo casual shoe (soil group) 79074 0 20315 0 0.086828 Huili casual shoe (paint group) 854 0 23679 0 0.3683 Yangda casual shoe (control group) 107806 47 9354 0 0.070315 Yangda casual shoe (ink group) 109634 60 9706 0 0.025979
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Lanze Zhang, Hong Jiang, Jintong Liu, Jiageng Wang, Ji Man. Classification of Rubber Soles by X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry Based on Multiple Linear Regression[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2021, 58(14): 1430002
Paper Information
Category: Spectroscopy
Received: Oct. 20, 2020
Accepted: Dec. 3, 2020
Published Online: Jul. 14, 2021
The Author Email: Hong Jiang (jiangh2001@163.com)
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