Effects of land use and cultivation time on soil organic and inorganic carbon storage in deep soils

Xia YU; Weijian ZHOU; Yunqiang WANG; Peng CHENG; Yaoyao HOU; Xiaohu XIONG; Hua DU; Ling YANG; Ya WANG

doi:10.1007/s11442-020-1762-3

Journal of Geographical Sciences, Volume. 30, Issue 6, 921(2020)

Effects of land use and cultivation time on soil organic and inorganic carbon storage in deep soils

Xia YU^1,2,3, Weijian ZHOU^1,2,4,5、*, Yunqiang WANG^1,4,5,7, Peng CHENG^1,2,6,7, Yaoyao HOU^1,2, Xiaohu XIONG^1,2, Hua DU^1,2, Ling YANG^1,2,3, and Ya WANG^1,2,3

Author Affiliations

¹. State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, CAS, Xi’an 710061, China

². Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Technology and Application, Xi’an AMS Center, Xi’an 710061, China

³. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

⁴. Interdisciplinary Research Center of Earth Science Frontier, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China

⁵. CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi’an 710061, China

⁶. Open Studio for Oceanic-Continental Climate and Environment Changes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, Shandong, China

⁷. Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China

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Figures & Tables(11)

Fig. 1. Location of the study area and sampling points (n=21 profiles) under different land use types within the Gutun watershed. Cropland includes five restoration time frames: RC-5 (light blue star), RC-15 (light green star), RC-35 (yellow star), RC-60 (red star), RC-70 (black star).

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Fig. 2. Vertical distribution of SOC and SIC along 500-cm deep soil profiles. (a) SOC content (open blue circles), means (closed red circles), and the coefficient of variations (green squares); (b) SIC content (open light grey circles), means (closed black circles), and the coefficient of variations (dark red squares)

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Fig. 3. Percentage of SOC and SIC stocks in 0-500-cm soil profiles for five land-use types

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Fig. 4. Spatial distribution of soil organic carbon stocks (a) and soil inorganic carbon stocks (b) in Gutun watershed

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Fig. 5. Soil carbon stocks. (a) SOC stock; (c) SIC stock. (b) and (d) showed the percentage within the bars are proportions of stocks in a 100-cm thick layer compared to the upper 100 cm. Blue circles represent the ratio of the carbon stocks in a given 100-cm layer to the 0-500 cm complete profile. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among land uses (p < 0.05), while uppercase letters indicate significant differences among different soil layers within the same land-use type (p < 0.05).

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Fig. 6. Changes in carbon stocks with time at different sub-layers: (a) SOC stocks, (b) SIC stocks, and (c) TC stocks at 100-cm intervals

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Fig. 7. Changes in SOC, SIC, and TC stocks with time in 0-500 cm soil profiles

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Table 1.
Soil properties under five land-use types in the Gutun watershed on the Chinese Loess Plateau

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Table 1.
Soil properties under five land-use types in the Gutun watershed on the Chinese Loess Plateau

Land-use type	Texture (%)			BD*(g cm^-3)	SWC(g kg^-1)	SOC(g kg^-1)	SIC(g kg^-1)
Land-use type	Sand	Silt	Clay	BD*(g cm^-3)	SWC(g kg^-1)	SOC(g kg^-1)	SIC(g kg^-1)
Grassland	19.2±3.8ab	78.2±3.6a	2.6±0.3bc	1.3±0.1b	126.0±20.3b	2.96±2.22a	16.77±3.00a
Shrubland	19.7±3.0ab	77.6±2.8a	2.7±0.4bc	1.3±0.1b	92.8±47.5c	2.76±1.75ab	13.79±2.40bc
Forestland	22.3±4.5a	75.4±4.3a	2.3±0.4c	1.3±0.1b	71.7±19.4c	2.58±1.22ab	14.82±1.81ab
Cropland	22.1±5.4a	75.1±5.0a	2.8±0.7b	1.5±0.2ab	177.2±51.6a	2.04±1.10ab	12.38±3.18c
Gully land	18.6±4.2b	78.2±3.8a	3.2±0.6a	1.4±0.1a	197.7±31.0a	1.84±1.29b	14.22±2.65bc

Table 2.
Two-way ANOVA* F and p-values for land-use type, cultivation time, and soil depth effects on soil BD (g cm^-3), SWC (g kg^-1), SOC content (g kg^-1), SIC content (g kg^-1), SOC stocks (kg m^-2), and SIC stocks (kg m^-2) in Gutun watershed

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Table 2.
Two-way ANOVA* F and p-values for land-use type, cultivation time, and soil depth effects on soil BD (g cm^-3), SWC (g kg^-1), SOC content (g kg^-1), SIC content (g kg^-1), SOC stocks (kg m^-2), and SIC stocks (kg m^-2) in Gutun watershed

Factor of variation	BD		SWC		SOC		SIC		SOCS		SICS
Factor of variation	F	p	F	p	F	p	F	p	F	p	F	p
Land-use types	24.32	0.000	79.060	0.000	11.852	0.000	25.320	0.000	3.452	0.009	6.222	0.000
Soil depth	2.310	0.033	6.080	0.000	4.434	0.000	2.121	0.000	4.651	0.000	17.781	0.000
Time	112.59	0.000	36.283	0.000	18.082	0.000	31.666	0.000	21.867	0.000	13.365	0.000

Table 3.
Vertical distribution of SOC and SIC contents (g kg^-1) under five land-use types

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Table 3.
Vertical distribution of SOC and SIC contents (g kg^-1) under five land-use types

Depth (cm)		0-20	20-60	60-100	100-200	200-300	300-400	400-500
SOC	Grassland	7.26±4.56aA	3.93±3.05aAB	2.38±0.93aB	2.51±1.12aB	3.09±1.68aB	2.27±0.61aB	1.88±1.35bB
	Shrubland	3.79±1.52abA	1.55±0.8aB	1.07±0.2aB	2.89±2.71aA	2.71±1.25abA	1.77±0.58aB	4.40±1.33aA
	Forestland	3.29±0.94abA	2.90±1.57aA	2.38±1.49aA	2.08±0.89aA	2.39±0.84abA	3.19±1.61aA	2.03±0.51bA
	Cropland	2.52±1.25bA	1.81±1.25aAB	1.46±0.63aB	1.99±1.05aAB	1.89±0.86bAB	2.34±1.07aAB	2.22±1.30bAB
	Gully land	1.68±1.27bA	1.61±1.14aA	2.03±1.57aA	2.26±1.77aA	1.42±0.39bA
SIC	Grassland	14.97±1.39abB	17.2±2.0abAB	17.4±2.2abAB	16.25±0.92aB	14.18±1.86aB	17.45±3.7aAB	20.18±2.58aA
	Shrubland	16.91±0.01aA	16.55±0.21aA	16.45±0.07aA	14.3±2.9abAB	13.31±1.13aB	13.21±1.01bB	10.96±1.44bB
	Forestland	14.27±1.37abA	13.97±1.96abA	14.42±1.61abA	14.75±1.12abA	14.57±1.20aA	14.76±2.63aA	17.01±0.53abA
	Cropland	13.40±1.61bA	13.39±1.44bA	13.05±2.77bA	12.68±1.69bA	11.99±3.47aA	11.52±4.16bA	11.34±5.04bA
	Gully land	15.10±1.40abA	15.66±1.72abA	14.91±1.07abA	14.17±2.86abA	11.88±3.68aA

Table 4.
Vertical distribution of SOC and SIC contents (g kg^-1) from RC5 to RC70 croplands in Gutun watershed

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Table 4.
Vertical distribution of SOC and SIC contents (g kg^-1) from RC5 to RC70 croplands in Gutun watershed

Depth (cm)		0-20	20-60	60-100	100-200	200-300	300-400	400-500
SOC	RC5	2.02±1aAB	1.41±0.94bB	1.63±0.78aAB	2.35±0.96abAB	1.87±0.35bcAB	2.96±0.48abA	2.6±0.77aAB
	RC15	1.82±0.5bA	1.51±1.82bA	1.13±0.66aA	1.45±0.88bA	1.3±0.89cA	1±0.76cA	0.72±0.53bA
	RC35	3.3±0.83aA	2.4±1.07aAB	1.69±0.26aB	2.12±0.43abAB	2.34±0.53abAB	2.49±0.43abAB	2.9±1.5aAB
	RC60	2.61±1.96aA	1.61±1.14bA	1.4±0.75aA	1.69±0.45bA	1.79±0.6cA	2.35±1.28bA	2.03±1.31abA
	RC70	3.04±1.18aAB	2.26±1.25aAB	1.50±0.57aB	2.66±1.90aAB	3.03±1.02aAB	3.45±0.77aA
SIC	RC5	11.95±1.41bA	12.47±2.5aA	12.66±2.9abA	12.29±1.67bA	13.56±1.45aA	12.9±1.64aA	12.75±2.99aA
	RC15	14.07±2.21abA	14.29±1.2aA	14.31±1.11aA	12.83±1bAB	10.46±5.41aAB	6.16±5.2bBC	0.94±0.63bC
	RC35	13.64±0.37abA	13.44±0.73aA	14.39±1.09aA	13.5±0.51bA	13.12±1aA	12.99±1.82aA	14.13±3.16aA
	RC60	14.65±1.39aA	13.52±0.93aAB	13.32±0.83abAB	13.17±0.94bAB	12.33±0.9aB	13.26±1.93aAB	12.9±1.26aAB
	RC70	12.35±0.25abA	13.13±0.82aA	9.65±5.08bA	16.43±3.24aA	10.53±3.87aA	13.09±1.48aA

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Xia YU, Weijian ZHOU, Yunqiang WANG, Peng CHENG, Yaoyao HOU, Xiaohu XIONG, Hua DU, Ling YANG, Ya WANG. Effects of land use and cultivation time on soil organic and inorganic carbon storage in deep soils[J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(6): 921

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Paper Information

Received: Sep. 20, 2019

Accepted: Mar. 5, 2020

Published Online: Sep. 30, 2020

The Author Email: Weijian ZHOU (weijian@loess.llqg.ac.cn)

DOI:10.1007/s11442-020-1762-3

Topics

Table 1. Soil properties under five land-use types in the Gutun watershed on the Chinese Loess Plateau

Table 1. Soil properties under five land-use types in the Gutun watershed on the Chinese Loess Plateau

Table 2. Two-way ANOVA* F and p-values for land-use type, cultivation time, and soil depth effects on soil BD (g cm-3), SWC (g kg-1), SOC content (g kg-1), SIC content (g kg-1), SOC stocks (kg m-2), and SIC stocks (kg m-2) in Gutun watershed

Table 2. Two-way ANOVA* F and p-values for land-use type, cultivation time, and soil depth effects on soil BD (g cm-3), SWC (g kg-1), SOC content (g kg-1), SIC content (g kg-1), SOC stocks (kg m-2), and SIC stocks (kg m-2) in Gutun watershed

Table 3. Vertical distribution of SOC and SIC contents (g kg-1) under five land-use types

Table 3. Vertical distribution of SOC and SIC contents (g kg-1) under five land-use types

Table 4. Vertical distribution of SOC and SIC contents (g kg-1) from RC5 to RC70 croplands in Gutun watershed

Table 4. Vertical distribution of SOC and SIC contents (g kg-1) from RC5 to RC70 croplands in Gutun watershed

Table 1.
Soil properties under five land-use types in the Gutun watershed on the Chinese Loess Plateau

Table 1.
Soil properties under five land-use types in the Gutun watershed on the Chinese Loess Plateau

Table 2.
Two-way ANOVA* F and p-values for land-use type, cultivation time, and soil depth effects on soil BD (g cm^-3), SWC (g kg^-1), SOC content (g kg^-1), SIC content (g kg^-1), SOC stocks (kg m^-2), and SIC stocks (kg m^-2) in Gutun watershed

Table 2.
Two-way ANOVA* F and p-values for land-use type, cultivation time, and soil depth effects on soil BD (g cm^-3), SWC (g kg^-1), SOC content (g kg^-1), SIC content (g kg^-1), SOC stocks (kg m^-2), and SIC stocks (kg m^-2) in Gutun watershed

Table 3.
Vertical distribution of SOC and SIC contents (g kg^-1) under five land-use types

Table 3.
Vertical distribution of SOC and SIC contents (g kg^-1) under five land-use types

Table 4.
Vertical distribution of SOC and SIC contents (g kg^-1) from RC5 to RC70 croplands in Gutun watershed

Table 4.
Vertical distribution of SOC and SIC contents (g kg^-1) from RC5 to RC70 croplands in Gutun watershed