Fluorescence microscopy technology is a crucial tool in biomedical research, enabling us to visualize the structure and function of tissue cells at the cellular level. Its great potential lies in fluorescence super-resolution fluorescence microscopy, which surpasses the limitations of diffraction and enables high-resolution real-time imaging of nano-subcellular structures, including organelles and cell matrices. It, therefore, contributes significantly to exploring disease mechanisms, ranging from the exchange of protein aggregates at a structural level to the identification of morphological defects in organelles. In this review, we first provide an overview of the principles of various super-resolution microscopy techniques. We then delve into the intricate transmembrane interactions exhibited by membrane organelles, as well as the intricate information communication within membraneless organelles in both physiological and pathological conditions. Finally, we examine the evolution of super-resolution technology and discuss its application in biomedicine. Overall, this review briefly introduces the principles of super-resolution microscopy and highlights its novel results in organelles to guide its application in the biomedical field.

Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is a non-invasive imaging technique that combines the principles of optical and ultrasound imaging to visualize internal biological structures at high spatial resolution. The major characteristics of PAI, such as its sensitivity to optically absorptive targets (e.g., hemoglobin and melanin), centimeters-deep imaging depth, and non-invasiveness, make it particularly effective in the diagnosis of skin diseases including cancers, inflammatory diseases, and vascular abnormalities. In this review, we categorize PAI modalities according to various imaging scales, i.e., photoacoustic microscopy (PAM), photoacoustic mesoscopy (PAMes), and photoacoustic tomography (PAT), and then discuss their applications for clinical skin imaging in vivo. These modalities provide clinical indicators that quantitatively describe skin vasculature and pigmentation over various spatial resolutions and scanning ranges. We then comparatively discuss and provide insights on the clinical applications of each PAI modality for diagnosing or monitoring various skin diseases.

In this study, we propose a ghost imaging method capable of penetrating dynamic scattering media through a multi-polarization fusion mutual supervision network (MPFNet). The MPFNet effectively processes one-dimensional light intensity signals collected under both linear and circular polarization illumination. By employing a multi-branch fusion architecture, the network excels at extracting multi-scale features and capturing contextual information. Additionally, a multi-branch spatial-channel cross-attention module optimizes the fusion of multi-branch feature information between the encoder and the decoder. This synergistic fusion of reconstruction results from both polarization states yields reconstructed object images with significantly enhanced fidelity compared to ground truth. Moreover, leveraging the underlying physical model and utilizing the collected one-dimensional light intensity signal as the supervisory labels, our method obviates the need for pre-training, ensuring robust performance even in challenging, highly scattering environments. Extensive experiments conducted on free-space and underwater environments have demonstrated that the proposed method holds significant promise for advancing high-quality ghost imaging through dynamic scattering media.

Light field microscopy can obtain the light field’s spatial distribution and propagation direction, offering new perspectives for biological research. However, microlens array-based light field microscopy sacrifices spatial resolution for angular resolution, while aperture-coding-based light field microscopy sacrifices temporal resolution for angular resolution. In this study, we propose a differential high-speed aperture-coding light field microscopy for dynamic sample observation. Our method employs a high-speed spatial light modulator (SLM) and a high-speed camera to accelerate the coding and image acquisition rate. Additionally, our method employs an undersampling strategy to further enhance the temporal resolution without compromising the depth of field (DOF) of results in light field imaging, and no iterative optimization is needed in the reconstruction process. By incorporating a differential aperture-coding mechanism, we effectively reduce the direct current (DC) background, enhancing the reconstructed images’ contrast. Experimental results demonstrate that our method can capture the dynamics of biological samples in volumes of 41 Hz, with an SLM refresh rate of 1340 Hz and a camera frame rate of 1340 frame/s, using an objective lens with a numerical aperture of 0.3 and a magnification of 10. Our approach paves the way for achieving high spatial resolution and high contrast volumetric imaging of dynamic samples.