Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) supported by metal nanoparticles or connected nanostructures was demonstrated as a powerful scheme to enhance the upconversion luminescence signals of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs). Three modulation mechanisms of LSPR and four types of UCNP/metallic nanostructures were introduced. The UCNP/metallic nanostructures which remarkably enhance upconversion luminescence are: Rare-earth-doped substrate doped by Ag and Au nanoparticles, core/shell structure, gap structure formed of small distance between rare-earth-doped NaYF4 and metal nanowires, periodic structure of metal arrays. At last, recent advances were reviewed in applications of these UCNP/metallic structures in biomedical and optoelectronic devices.

With the fast progress in multi-channel detection technology, integrated microscopy and data acquisition and analysis methods, the technology of infrared and Raman spectroscopy were intensively and extensively applied in biological and biomedical fields. In this work, Raman microspectroscopy and imaging was applied to examine human hair samples which were retrieved from both healthy persons and cancer patients. Through MATLAB programming, multivariate statistical analysis methods such as principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) were used to analyze the hair’s spectral data. The results revealed the notable difference in hair spectral analysis between the healthy people and the cancer patients, indicating that the technique of Raman microspectroscopy and imaging combined with the proper data treatment approach have a promising potential for the clinical application in disease diagnosis and prediction.

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to measure the spectroscopic information of isoprene. Using Gaussian 03 program under density functional theory (DFT), the reaction mechanism of OH- isoprene adducts were studies with abinitio methods at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory for optimized geomethies and frequency calculations. Results show that the experimental results agreed well with the theoretical values. The pathways involved in the reaction between OH- and isoprene were found and the methods to block this key reaction pathway in principle were discussed.

Two independent unpolarized light beams can sum up to be one unpolarized light beam based on the classical Stokes theory. However, it’s demonstrated that its global validation needs a preliminary requirement. The work was carried out with an example of a Gaussian-Shell beam. An applicable hint was given with the determination of scattering potentials in atmospheric and biological experiments.

Based on Rayleigh-Ritz variational and configuration interaction methods as well as Hylleraas coordinates, energies for the highly excited states of helium were calculated, and accuracy of the results reaches 10－4. Specifically, when L is small, the results are close to Drake’s results, and when L becomes larger, the results are matched with the theoretical expectation. Besides, if choosing L=10 as an example, the energy converges when Hylleraas coordinates increase, therefore, the results are reliable. Finally, L=10 was chosen as an example to observe the correlation and energy contribution of partial waves. As a result, the largest contribution belongs to the (0,L)L partial wave but the contribution of other partial waves is very small. In conclusion, configuration interaction methods can be applied to calculate the highly excited states of helium.

The (2+1)-dimensional AKNS equation was reduced to (1+1)-dimensional nonlinear partial differential equation by applying the Lie group method. As to the reduced equation, some new non-traveling wave exact solutions were obtained with extended homoclinic test approach. These results enrich the connotations of integrability of the equation and dynamical behavior of (2+1)-dimensional nonlinear wave propagation.

Using the extended G/G′ expansion method, the twenty group of exact solutions for ZS equation were constructed. As a result, the hyperbolic function solutions, trigonometric function solutions, and rational solutions with arbitrary parameters to the equation were obtained. When the arbitrary parameters in hyperbolic function solutions are taken as some special values, the solitary wave solutions can be obtained by analyzing the properties of solutions. When the arbitrary parameters in trigonometric function solutions are taken as some special values, the trigonometric function solutions can be expressed as periodic wave solutions. Some new exact solutions can be obtained by applications of improved G/G' expansion method with larger scope of the solutions.

Analytic expression for the linear and third-order nonlinear optical absorption coefficients was obtained in square tangent quantum well by the compact density-matrix method and the iterative procedure. The numerical results for typical GaAs/AlGaAs material show that the well width b, well depth V0 and incident intensity I have great influence on the absorption coefficients and the total optical absorption coefficients are induced with the enhancement of b and the reduction of V0. It is obtained that the peak absorption shift to the aspect of the low energy. Moreover, the peak of the total optical absorption coefficients is significantly induced and the strong absorption saturation will occur with increasing of the incident intensity.

The practical large energy and high power excimer laser are widely used in materials processing and surface treatment. The applications of excimer lasers in the flat panel display industry, solar photovoltaic industry, semiconductor industry and automobile manufacturing industry were introduced. The key technologies employed to improve the performance of excimer lasers were analyzed, including the technology of large area uniform discharge, pre-ionization, and high voltage pulse technology. The dual-chamber synchronization technology was used to obtain higher energy and power.

The dynamic behavior of system which influenced by the coupling between the single electron spin and carbon nanotube mechanical resonator was theoretically analyzed. By means of a master equation, average phonon occupation number as functions of the frequency detuning under the case with and without qubit-oscillator coupling was investigated via a semiclassical approach. The variation of average phonon occupation number as functions of the frequency detuning under the case with and without rotating-wave approximation was compared for different coupling strength. For coupling system, average phonon occupation number occurs a splitting phenomenmon when resonance, simultaneously, a bistable state was observed near the splitting peak. By analysing the average phonon occupation number of the carbon nanotubes resonator, it was found that rotating-wave and non-rotating-wave approximation can coincide with each other very well under the weak coupling strength. However, the non-rotating-wave approximation term must be considered in the ultrastrong coupling system due to the rotating-wave approximation is no longer effective.

It is significant that how to improve the property of quantum entanglement dynamics evolution by controlling the happening of entanglement sudden death. Initially entangled atoms interact with Jaynes-Cummings (J-C) model and nonlinear Jaynes-Cummings (N-J-C) model respectively. Using the method of concurrence the effect of nonlinearity and coupling of atom-field in N-J-C model and the effect of detuning were researched. It shows that entanglement sudden death appears in J-C model, however the meaningful result is that entanglement sudden death vanishes in N-J-C model by using the effect of nonlinearity and detuning in a certain condition. In addition, the atoms entanglement degree can reach to the original values.

The entanglement dynamical behaviors of two two-level atoms, which respectively interacted with two single-mode cavity field were investigated. The Jaynes-Cummings model in which the classical driven strength exists was studied. By means of numerical calculation, effect of the initial entanglement and classical field driven strength on the entanglement evolution and transfer of two atoms was analyzed. The result shows that when the appropriate condition is chosen, the phenomenon of entanglement sudden death can be inhibited, and the biggest entanglement transfer between the atoms and cavity fields can be realized.

While the communication between two sites in the quantum network is carried out, the data frames should be resent once the bit-reversed errors appear. Although this method can guarantee the accuracy of data, the pressure of channel is increased and the communication efficiency is reduced. In order to relieve the pressure of channel, the present quantum bit-reversed error correction circuits were analyzed and improved based on the replication of entanglement and the teleportation to design the seven-particle entanglement of quantum bit-reversed error correction circuits. This improvement can not correct more than three bit-reversed quantum states or phase flip error. The efficiency of protocol and utilization of channels before and after the improvement were compared, and the results show that the latter has higher data transmission utilization and it can supply reference evidence for multi-particle error correction.

The effect of phase shift generated by Aharonov-Casher interaction on the quantum state transfer in a XX spin chain was investigated. The concurrence of the channel and fidelity of the state were calculated by numerical simulations. It was found that by controlling the phase shift, decoherence was suppressed, and the entanglement and fidelity can be enhanced. In addition, the relative positions between the sender and receiver have influence on the entanglement and fidelity. When they are located at diametrically opposite sites in an even spin ring respectively, the maximum values of entanglement and fidelity can be obtained.

Inspired by the previous works on the conditional quantum logic gate, a scheme for realizing the C-NOT gate, Toffoli gate and Fredkin gate in cavity QED is proposed. The scheme only involves large-detuning atom-field interaction, so it is very simple and easy to be realized because the cavity is only virtually excited, and transfer of the quantum information between the atoms and cavity will not occur. Thus, it is insensitive to the cavity decay and the thermal field, and the requirement on quality factor of the cavities is greatly loosened and the scheme is feasible with present experimental technology.

As an important part of the quantum logic devices, quantum latches have great significance in the field of quantum computers. According to the quantum latch logic functions and relationship between the input and output of quantum latches, auxiliary bits was introduced to solve the problems of digital circuit feedback and realize the latch function of keeping data state. Five different quantum latches were designed and constructed and then the quantum routes for optimization were modified. Such quantum latches can be used as general and scalable basic latch functional unit in the construction of quantum computers.

A novel constructing quantum fault-tolerant encoded gates method was proposed based on teleportation for the general stabilizer code. The quantum teleportation was used to get the teleported code and the imaginary encoded gate was applied to the teleported code, then move it forward, so the difficulty to construct encoded gate can be reduced to prepare a special ancillary state. The encoded Hadamard gate and phase gate were selected as examples to explain the constructing procedure, and the numerical analysis verifies that the method is valid. The results show that under the teleportation method, encoded H gate decreases 60n physical quantum gates, 5 encoded block |0> and 5 ancilla block |Cat>, and encoded P gate decreases 16n physical quantum gates, 1 encoded block |0> and 2 ancilla block |Cat> when compared with the overhead in reference ［16］.