The existing mechanoluminesence has a single band. The 3P1→1S0 transition of Bi3+ ion can achieve an ultrabroadband emission in UV.Visible. However, the existing Bi3+ ion activated mechanoluminesence materials only emit blue light. To solve this problem, the UV.Visible.NIR ultrabroadband mechanoluminesence is realized in a multi-lattice garnet compound matrix, and its mechanoluminesent performance is regulated by the neighbor ion (i.e., Sc3+ ion) substitution strategy. The luminescence source is determined by steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy (at 465 nm, corresponding to the 3P1→1S0 transition of Bi3+ ion). The mechanism of mechanoluminesence is related to the persistent luminescence. The material defect distribution is obtained by thermoluminescence test, and the deep trap (>0.7 eV) contributes to the mechanoluminesence.

Mn2+ doped garnet-type Na2CaSn2Ge3O12 phosphor was selected and studied due to its abundant chemical compositions and several crystallographic sites. Several ion substitution strategies including the chemical substitution of Na+/Sr2+/Ba2+ on Ca2+ sites and the anti-site occupation of Sn4+/Ge4+ were designed for regulating the different energy traps and promoting multimode luminescence properties like persistent luminescence, X-ray storage capacities and mechano-luminescence. In addition, the X-ray luminescence storage and mechano-luminescence properties of these materials as well as their applications on X-ray luminescence extension imaging and stress sensing were also investigated.

Compared with conventional destructive mechanoluminescent materials, trap-controlled mechanoluminescent materials generally preserve high structural integrity and repeatability during the mechanoluminescent process. The trap-controlled mechanoluminescent materials have attracted recent attention in diverse fields of stress sensors, mechano-driven lighting and displays. The development of high-performance trap-controlled mechanoluminescent materials is of great significance to promote the application of mechanoluminescence. This paper was to investigate a trap-controlled reproducible mechanoluminescent material, i.e., Ca2Ga2GeO7:Pr3+, and analyze its luminescent properties by the measurements of X-ray diffraction patterns, diffuse reflection spectra, phosphorescent decay curves, photoluminescence, mechanoluminescence and thermoluminescence. The emission peaks of photoluminescence and mechanoluminescenc are the same at 488 nm, 610 nm and 648 nm, corresponding to the energy level transition of Pr3+ of 3H4→3P0, 3H4→1D2 and 3F2→3P0, respectively. A slow-decaying mechanoluminescent behavior occurs when the continuous frictional stimulation and the mechanoluminescent intensity increase linearly with increasing the pressure. According to the thermoluminescent measurement, the slow-decaying mechanoluminescence is attributed to existence of deep traps. The deep traps provide an electron replenishment for shallow traps for Ca2Ga2GeO7:Pr3+ under continuous stress stimulation. This paper may provide a material-and-experimental basis for the development and application of high-performance trap-controlled mechanoluminescent materials.

Rapid and non-invasive temperature detection inside biological tissues can be realized through a fluorescence intensity ratio thermometry technology, but it is still restricted due to the thermal quenching of fluorescence and the large absorption and scattering coefficients of tissues in practical applications. In this paper, cubic phase ScF3:Yb3+/Er3+ nanocrystals with negative thermal expansion characteristics were synthesized by a one-step hydrothermal method, in which the thermal enhancement of up-conversion (UC) luminescence was achieved due to the thermally improved energy transfer efficiency from a shortened distance between the activator and sensitizer. For further realizing its application in biology, Nd3+ was introduced in ScF3:Yb3+/Er3+ to construct a high-sensitivity temperature probe with near-infrared (NIR) excitation and NIR emission. Furthermore, calibrating the temperature measurement curve and designing the ex vivo experiment rationally can give a potential temperature detection of the present sample inside the tissue. The results indicate a strategy for solving the UC luminescence thermal quenching and developing NIR emission temperature probes for organisms.

Sulfur element doped RbNa3(Li12Si4O16-ySy):Eu2+ narrow-band blue emitting UCr4C4 phosphors were synthesized by a conventional high-temperature solid-state method. The zero-thermal-quenching performance for the UCr4C4 structure was obtained, i.e., the integrated emission intensity at 250 ℃ increases to 107% rather than that at room temperature. The sites occupation of Eu2+ ions and defect analysis reveal the corresponding luminescence adjustment and zero-thermal-quenching mechanism. Also, the cationic substitution strategy of Ti4+ for Si4+ is designed eliminate the shoulder band peak located at 525 nm for RbNa3(Li12Si4O16-ySy):Eu2+phosphors, and the color purityofblue eto mission is improved from 61.1% to 83.7%. It is indicated that the as-prepared RbNa3(Li12Si3TiO16-ySy):Eu2+ phosphors could be used as a blue-emitting candidate material for liquid crystal display backlighting. This work can provide a guidance for the design of UCr4C4 phosphors to achieve the zero-thermal-quenching performance and high color purity.

A novel afterglow mechanoluminescent (ML) composite elastic material was obtained with ZrO2:Ti4+ phosphor synthesized by a solid-state method and PDMS polymer. The structure, luminescence and traps properties of the phosphor and the elastomer were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and spectroscopy. The results show that ZrO2 belongs to a monoclinic system with a space group P21/c (No.14), which is a centrosymmetric structure, and its ML is irrelevant to the common piezoluminescence. The band gap of the matrix is 5.01 eV, and its width is large, which is conducive to the irradiation transition of the luminescence energy level. The cyan photoluminescence and afterglow luminescence with Ti4+ characteristic emission eg→t2g are obtained after Ti4+ is uniformly doped into ZrO2 as a luminescence center. After it is irradiated by 254 nm ultraviolet lamp, the composite elastic material prepared with ZrO2:Ti4+ phosphor and PDMS can emit bright cyan ML under the stimulation of external forces such tearing, pressing, bending and stretching.The ML occurs clearly for several seconds. The afterglow mechanoluminesascent phenomenon is linearly dependent on the stress and it can repeat after irradiation, indicating a promising application potential in the fields of stress visualization, force-light sensing, engineering detection and artificial skin. In addition, a possible mechanism of afterglow ML caused by triboelectricity induced trapped carrier excitation was also proposed.

Sr3Sn2O7:Sm3+ is a widely studied mechanoluminescent material, but there is still a lack of research on the doping amount of Sm3+. In this paper, Sr3-xSn2O7: xSm3+ was prepared by a high-temperature solid-state method. A sample of Sr3Sn2O7 with a small amount of Sm3+still maintains a non-centrosymmetric double perovskite structure. The sample prepared has a stable photoluminescence, a long afterglow and mechanoluminescence after UV excitation or load application. The mechanoluminescence originates from the electron transition from the 4G5/2 excited state of Sm3+ to the 6HJ (J=5/2, 7/2, 9/2) ground state. The luminescence performance was optimized by adjusting the value of x, and the optimum performance was achieved when x = 0.020. This study can provide a guidance for the future related research.

The mechanism of mechanoluminescent(ML) materials is a highly interdisciplinary research field involving the composite processes of mechanics, electricity, magnetism, and optics. At present, some special phenomena that cannot be fully covered by the existing mechanism models indicate that the process mechanism of ML is not fully clarified. This review represented the process mechanism of ML and the existing mechanism models and development strategies. In addition, some challenges and research directions of ML materials were also described.

Lanthanide metal-organic framework (Ln-MOF) is a novel inorganic-organic porous material, which is composed of organic ligands and lanthanide metal ions or metal clusters. Ln-MOFs have abundant molecular building blocks and a high fluorescence quantum efficiency due to the high coordination number and unique optical properties of lanthanide metal ions. This review summarized recent work on Ln-MOFs, mainly focusing on the application of Ln-MOFs in photonics such as temperature detection, small molecule detection, gas detection, etc. The design and controllable preparation methods of Ln-MOFs as well as the assembly of organic dyes, perovskite quantum dots, etc. in the Ln-MOFs channel and the assembly of Ln3+ in the MOFs channel were introduced. In addition, the future development and application prospects of the Ln-MOFs were also proposed.

Photodetection technology is widely used, especially near-infrared (NIR) photodetector plays an essential role in military, communication and industrial automation. With the development of semiconductor laser technology, multiband photodetectors (PDs) have great application prospects in imaging technology, environmental monitoring, medical detection, optical communication, and flexible equipment. The selective PDs of the NIR I-II region with a low pump threshold and a high sensitivity is investigated for developing polychromatic bioimaging/sensor encrypted communication in bioanalysis. Recent work on the NIR selective PDs mainly focus on integrating infrared semiconductor materials with different band gaps and NIR response capabilities as well as increasing the complexity and stability of the device design and cost. Rare-earth ions (RE3+) doped upconversion nanocrystals (UCNCs) can absorb the NIR photons and convert them into UV or Vis photons, then being absorbed by semiconductors with a wide band gap. The UCNCs have a large Stokes/anti-Stokes shift, a superior photostability, and a selective absorption at NIR wavelengths, thus considering as good narrowband NIR photoactive materials with a potential strategy for developing the new generation of NIR selective PDs. In UCNCs-based PDs, coupling with perovskite, graphene, or MoS2 enables the PDs to exhibit an excellent responsivity and achieve a wide spectral range that a single component cannot achieve. However, UCNCs-based PDs have some problems of low fluorescence efficiency and high pump threshold of UCNCs in practical application. This review summarized recent research on utilizing RE3+-doped UCNCs as photoactive materials for NIR PDs, and represented several primary strategies for enhancing UCL efficiency/intensity to achieve narrowband NIR PDs. Meanwhile, the advancement of combining UCNCs with perovskite, graphene, and MoS2 for the NIR PDs was described. In addition, recent work on RE3+-doped UC-perovskite NIR PDs was also given.

The electricaloric refrigeration is based on the electricaloric effect due to its high energy conversion efficiency, environment friendly, small size and easy integration as a novel efficient refrigeration technology, which has become one of the emerging research hotspots in the field of ferroelectric. The solid solutions of 0.77NaNbO3-0.23BaTiO3+wMn (w=0, 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6%, in mass fraction) electrocaloric ceramics were prepared by a conventional solid-state reaction method. The phase composition and microstructure of 0.77NaNbO3-0.23BaTiO3 ceramics with different Mn doping contents were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Meanwhile, the dielectric-temperature spectra, polarization electric field hysteresis loops and electrocaloric effect of the samples with different Mn doping contents were determined. The results indicate that Mn doped ceramics can promote the grain compaction, improve the dielectric constant and saturation polarization strength, reduce the dielectric loss, and enhance the electrocaloric effect. For the ceramic with Mn doping content w of 0.4%, ΔT=0.39 K, and ΔS=0.71 J·kg-1·K-1, the electrocaloric strength of ΔT/ΔE enhances from 0.05×10-6 K·m·V-1 to 0.13×10-6 K·m·V-1, and ΔS/ΔE enhances from 0.08×10-6 K m·V-1 to 0.24×10-6 J·m·kg-1·K-1·V-1 under 30 kV·cm-1 at room temperature. It is indicated that 0.77NaNbO3-0.23BaTiO3+0.4%Mn ceramic could be used as an promising electrocaloric refrigeration material.

The ZnO-Pr6O11-Co2O3-Cr2O3-Er2O3-SiO2 varistors were prepared by a solid-state sintering method. The effect of SiO2 doping on the phase, microstructure, varistor property, and impedance characteristic of the ZnO varistors was investigated. The results show that the grain size decreases gradually with the increase of SiO2 content due to the restraining effect of grain growth in SiO2. The ZnO varistor with SiO2 content of 1.0% (in mole fraction) has an optimum overall performance to provide overvoltage protection for circuit (i.e., the most second phase generated, the maximum breakdown voltage of 435.5 V/mm, the maximum mean grain boundary voltage of 1.63 V, the maximum nonlinear coefficient of 17.5, and the maximum resistivity of grain boundary of 17 400 MΩ·cm, the maximum barrier height of grain boundary of 0.37 eV, and the minimum leak current of 1 μA, respectively). The breakdown voltage and nonlinear coefficient of ZnO varistor with SiO2 content of 1.0% are 3.6 and 6.6 times greater than those of ZnO varistor without SiO2.

Ti(C,N).WC.Al2O3/Ti(C,N).WC laminated ceramic materials with different layers and layer thickness ratios were prepared via microwave sintering. The variation of residual stress with layer number and layer thickness ratio was revealed by a finite element method, and the effects of layer number and layer thickness ratio on the macro-mechanical properties and micro-structural characteristics of the material were investigated. The results show that compared with the homogeneous material, the fracture toughness of the laminated material increases to 11.42 MPa·m1/2, which is 2.5 times greater than that of the homogeneous material, indicating a superior toughening effect. The main reason is a combined effect of macroscopic residual compressive stress and massive microscopic crack deflections. The fracture mode of the laminated material is an effective mixed fracture mode. In such a mode, the transgranular fracture of the surface layer and the intergranular fracture of the matrix layer alternate, which is conducive to the increase of fracture toughness and to the improvement of the overall strength of the material.

High quality ceramic targets is crucial to produce BaBiO3-based negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermosensitive films via RF magnetron sputtering. In this paper, the shrinkage, flatness and volume density of pure BaBiO3 target were measured, and the orthogonal experiment was designed via changing the major factors (i.e., compressive time, sintering temperature, holding time and heating rate), and the structure-activity relationship between each factor and the target material quality index was analyzed. Also, based on the influence of sintering behaviors on the grain growth of BaBiO3 ceramic targets, the key sintering process factors such as sintering temperature, holding time and heating rate were regulated by the phenomenological equation and intercept method to discuss the intrinsic relationship among the grain growth mechanism, growth index n and key influencing factors. According to the results by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy-enery dispersive spectroscopy, the phase structure and elemental composition of the target samples obtained at the given process factors were analyzed. The results show that BaBiO3 ceramic targets with slight deformation, high density and good apparent quality can be obtained under the optimum conditions (i.e., compressive time of 12 min, sintering temperature of 750 ℃, holding time of 120 min and heating rate of 2 ℃/min).

MgAl2O4 transparent ceramic is a superior mid-infrared material, which is widely used in military and civil fields. In this paper, the effect of sintering process on the phase, microstructure and optical properties of magnesia alumina spinel transparent ceramics was investigated, and the sintering process route suitable for high-quality magnesia alumina spinel transparent ceramics was determined, which is of great significance for accelerating the industrialization of large-scale transparent ceramic armor materials. The results show that Li ions in hot pressed (HP) MgAl2O4 transparent ceramics may exist in the form of LiAlO2. The preferential growth surface of MgAl2O4 transparent ceramics obtained by hot isostatic pressing (HIP) sintering process is (311). Al and Mg ions of MgAl2O4 ceramics prepared by HP and HIP sintering deviate from the stoichiometric ratio, and Al/Mg ratio is greater than 2. The small grains in the ceramics increase with the increase of HIP pressure, and the grain size of MgAl2O4 ceramics is within 20-40 μm, which is conducive to improving the average transmittance of 3-5 μm. Based on the results by hot isostatic pressing test, the HIP sintering temperature of 1 750 ℃ and the pressure of 170 MPa are conducive to improving the average infrared transmittance (>85 %). In addition, the HIP sintering time has little effect on improving the infrared transmittance of MgAl2O4 transparent ceramics.

Sialon ceramic tool materials were prepared by a microwave sintering technology. The influences of sintering temperature and holding time on the mechanical properties of Sialon ceramic tool materials were investigated, and the microstructure was analyzed. The results show that the tool material obtained at the sintering temperature of 1 600 ℃ and the holding time of 15 min has the optimum mechanical properties (i.e., density of 98.9%, hardness of 17.8 GPa and fracture toughness of 5.9 MPa·m1/2, respectively). In this sintering process, the material has a uniform microstructure with little internal pores, which is conducive to the improvement of its mechanical properties. The ceramic tool material with the superior mechanical properties can be obtained for a short time of heat preservation as the microwave sintering technology is used, thus improving the production efficiency.

A joint of SiCBN ceramic and Ti2AlNB alloy was prepared via transient liquid phase diffusion bonding with AgCu fillers. The effects of joining temperature and holding time on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the joint were investigated. In joining, Ti dissolves from Ti2AlNb alloy into Ag—Cu melt and reacts with SiBCN ceramic to form a continuous TiC interfacial layer, while Cu in the liquid phase diffuses towards Ti2AlNb alloy to produce Nb(s, s) and TiCu2Al, resulting in the isothermal solidification of melts. A thicken TiC layer appears, Cu(s, s) vanishes and the fraction of TiCu2Al compound increases as the joining temperature or holding time increases. The shear strength at room temperature firstly increases and then decreases as the joining temperature or holding time increases. The joint prepared at 840 ℃ for 40.min exhibits a maximum shear strength of (73±10) MPa and (95±16) MPa at room temperature and 500 ℃, respectively, which is mainly attributed to the good stress-relief ability and thermal resistance of Ag(s, s).

A porcelain was prepared with Kaolin clay, potassium feldspar and quartz as raw materials and zirconium silicate as a reinforcing material. The effects of zirconium silicate content, firing temperature and holding time on the properties of porcelain were investigated, and the strengthening mechanism of zirconium silicate particle dispersion on the porcelain was analyzed. The results show that the optimum porcelain reinforcement can be obtained at zirconium silicate content of 6%, firing temperature of 1 300 ℃ and holding time of 30 min. The bending strength increases from (58±6) MPa to (106±11) MPa, and the growth rate is 83%. The radial compressive stress and tangential tensile stress are generated in the matrix during the cooling process due to the difference of thermal expansion coefficient between zirconium silicate particles and matrix, resulting in the increased porcelain strength.

In-situ exsolution of metal nanoparticles affords a high content and uniform distribution of metal nanocatalysts without complex synthetic processes. To implement this strategy in practical electrodes for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), a series of Ni doped Sm0.20NixCe0.80-xO2-δ (SNDC) anode materials were fabricated by the Pechini method. The in-situ exsolved Ni nanoparticles are uniformly distributed on the surface of the SNDC substrate after reduction. The maximum cell performance is achieved with SNDC15 as the anode of electrolyte supported single cell, and the maximum power density of the single cell is 1.26 W/cm2 and 1.48 W/cm2 when fed with hydrogen and methanol at 700 ℃, respectively. Moreover, a strong interaction between Ni nanoparticles and the oxide support effectively inhibits the growth of carbon deposition. The single cell with methanol fuel exhibits a stable power output at 700 ℃ for 10 h.

Paramagnetic salts perform satisfactorily in cryogenic refrigeration, and hydrated salt crystals are usually used as refrigerated materials at a rather low temperature. In this paper, a chromium potassium alum CrK(SO4)2·12H2O (CPA) single crystal with the size of 32 mm×32 mm×20 mm was grown by a slow cooling method. The relationship between the growth condition and crystal morphology was analyzed, and the thermal behavior, infrared spectrum, and magnetic performance of CPA crystal were also investigated. The results reveal that the CPA crystal exhibits a magnetocaloric effect up to 29.75 J·kg-1·K-1 in an applied magnetic field of 7 T at 2 K. A salt pill made by growing the CPA crystals on an array of copper wires in a sealed container was used in a two-stage single-shot adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator, obtaining a no-load temperature of 90 mK.

The temperature gradient solution method can effectively reduce the growth temperature of zinc telluride (ZnTe) crystal. However, it is inevitable to introduce Te inclusions in the as-grown ZnTe crystals, leading to degrading the crystal quality. In this paper, the Te inclusions under saturated Zn vapor were eliminated via both isothermal annealing and gradient annealing. The removal efficiency of Te inclusions was evaluated, which was determined by the annealing temperature and gradient. A removal efficiency of 83% is achieved via gradient annealing at 650 ℃ for100 h. In addition, VTe-Tei complex defects caused by Te atoms diffusion appear in the crystal after annealing, thus affecting the crystal quality and photoelectric properties of the ZnTe crystal. Based on the X-ray double-crystal rocking curves of the ZnTe crystal, the crystal quality is generally improved when the Te inclusions are removed, indicating that the Te inclusions are a dominated factor affecting the quality of ZnTe crystal.

To explore the service performance difference of tabular alumina from different sources, the longevity application of refractory products can be realized through the targeted selection of raw materials. In this paper, three types of tabular alumina aggregates with different microstructures were selected for corrosion tests of ladle slag with different basicities. The influence of microstructure on the interface reaction of tabular alumina aggregate to resist slag erosion was investigated, and the dominant pore structure and action mechanism of tabular alumina aggregate under a high basicity and a low basicity environment were analyzed. The results show that the number of cluster porosities is directly proportional to the amount of alumina dissolved in the erosion process. Under high basicity conditions (i.e., the mass ratio of CaO to SiO2 is greater than 4), the composite lamellar structure of CA2+CA6 can be formed at the slag-material interface, which plays a certain protective role. The thickness of composite layer is inversely proportional to the number of cluster porosities. Under the condition of a low basicity (i.e., the mass ratio of CaO to SiO2 is approximately 1), the cluster pore structure leads to the formation of massive fine CA6 grains, and the erosion resistance is poor. However, a small amount of pore cluster structure leads to the formation of CA6 deposition layer on the aggregate surface and the formation of larger-sized CA6 crystal bridging regions, which can resist the slag erosion.

Calcium aluminate cement bond reacts with matrix to form flake calcium hexaluminate phase at a high temperature, thus effectively improving the thermal shock resistance of the material. However, too much cement will produce a large volume expansion that affects the properties of the material. In this paper, calcium hexaluminate aggregate was used to partially or completely replace the tabular corundum aggregate to prepare castable, and the effect of aggregate porosity on the mechanical properties of castable after curing and high-temperature treatment was investigated, and the fracture behavior of castable was analyzed via wedge splitting experiment. The results show that at 25 ℃, compared with tabular corundum, water absorption and release effect of pores in calcium hexaluminate aggregate promote the formation of more hydration products around the aggregate, accelerate the hydration reaction of cement, and favor the interface meshing between aggregate and matrix. After heat-treatment at 1 600 ℃, the hydration product is transformed into a secondary phase CA6, which improves the interface strength of aggregate and matrix, and increases the proportion of crack propagation in aggregate during material fracture. The castable with 30%CA6 aggregate has an optimum crack propagation resistance.

A low-carbon Al2O3-C composite refractory was prepared with white fused alumina, flake graphite, active α-Al2O3 micron-sized powder, Al powder and Si powder as raw materials, and h-BN (in mass fraction 0%, and 3%) as additives. The effect of h-BN addition on the microstructure, physical properties and oxidation resistance of Al2O3-C refractories at different nitriding temperatures was investigated. The results show that the addition of h-BN promotes the formation of SiC whiskers. The cold compressive strength and cold modulus of rupture of the samples with h-BN addition after nitriding at 1 400 ℃ are 6% and 10% greater than those of the samples without h-BN addition, respectively. Also, the oxidation resistance of the samples with h-BN addition is significantly improved. Among those samples, the oxidation resistance of the samples with h-BN addition after nitriding at 1 500 ℃ is improved by 21%, compared with the samples without h-BN addition.

Ti-46Al-8Nb alloy was heated to 1 650 ℃ in a BaZrO3/Al2O3 composite mould at different time. The microstructure and the dissolution of mould after contacting the alloy melt at different time were analyzed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy, respectively. The interfacial reaction between the alloy melt and the mould was investigated. The results show that the dissolution reaction of the mould in the alloy melt results in the different thicknesses of the erosion layer on the inner wall of the mould (i.e., 1510, 2476 μm and 3 574 μm) after the alloy is held for 30, 60 min and 120 min, respectively. The erosion mechanism of the melt on the mould follows a dynamic model controlled by the diffusion dissolution. The dissolution of mould refractory results in the increase of the contents of O, Zr, Y, and Si elements in the alloy as the holding time increases, further leading to the increase of the microhardness of the alloy. After solidification, an adhesion layer is formed on the alloy surface. Meanwhile, BaAl2O4 and Y4Al2O9 phases are formed in the erosion layer. Two typical inclusions, i.e., (Ti, Zr)5(Si, Al)3 and Y4Al2O9, are formed in the alloy, and their contents increase with the increase of holding time.

Calcium aluminate cement is one of hydraulic binders with the superior performance. The metastable hydrates of calcium aluminate cement are inevitable to transform into stable ones under the action of time and temperature. The volume shrinkage occurs in the process of transformation, leading to the increase of porosity and the decrease of strength and durability of the material that can restrict the application of calcium aluminate cement. As is known, the formation and conversion of hydrates are closely related to temperature. This review introduced the conversion mechanism of hydrates of calcium aluminate cement, and represented the research progress on regulating phase composition of calcium aluminate cement hydration products via mixing micron-sized powder or nano-sized particles, adding chemical additives and adjusting curing conditions. In addition, some issues regarding the further studies were also put forward.