Considering the dispersion effect of the grating media, the coupled wave theory of Kogelnik was developed to study the diffraction properties of an ultra-short pulsed laser beam with different polarization states by a photorefractive volume holographic grating. The spectral and temporal width, the distortion of the diffraction and transmission pulse beam, as well as the diffraction efficiency were studied, as a transmission volume holographic grating was illuminated by an ultrashort Gaussian-shaped pulsed laser beam and the ratio of the input laser beam spectral width and the effective diffraction spectral width of the grating varied. It was investigated that the effective diffraction spectral width of the volume grating was affected by the parameters of the grating and the input conditions, and decreased by the dispersion effect of the grating media. The effective diffraction spectral width of the incident pulse with polarization perpendicular to the incident plane was larger than that of the pulse with parallel polarization state, and with a relatively long pulse duration the diffraction efficiency of the former was larger than that of the latter. With a relatively large spectral width ratio, there appeared expansion and distortion for the temporal distribution curve of the diffraction beam, which were more obvious for the beam with polarization perpendicular to the incident angle.

Based on the supercell overlapping method, the full vector model is adopted to compute the mode field radius of photonic crystal fibers (PCF). And then, the splice losses of PCF-single model fiber (SMF) under the influence of transverse offset, angular misalignment and mode field mismatch are analyzed, respectively. The theoretical values of PCF-SMF-28 in some conventional ranges of structural parameters {Λ, d/Λ} are offered, and the effect of each structure parameter on the splice loss is discussed. The splice loss between two PCFs with different structures is analyzed in brief. It is concluded that the splice loss is very sensitive to transverse offset and angular misalignment, the most important structural parameter effecting splice loss is the pitch, Λ, of PCF, the splice loss of PCF-SMF is relatively low if the pitch of PCF is larger than the radius of SMF core, and the splice loss between two PCFs with different structures is mainly decided by the difference between their pitches.

For judging the security of the chaos optical communication system employing the polarization-shift keying (PolSK) modulation technology, its chaos characteristic needs to be verified above all. So analysis is done for the signal of this system. Three methods are used to judge the signal maintaining chaos characteristics or not: watching the strange attractor in three-dimensional phase space, computing the largest Lyapunov exponent by the equation it meets and wolf method, and computing self-power spectrum density function. As a result, the strange attractor is clearly watched, the largest Lyapunov component is positive 0.0364 and 0.0106, respectively, and the self-power spectrum is wide and continuous with the noise background. Therefore, the judgment of chaos for the signal transmitted in the system is presented. On the other hand, the minimal embodied dimension of the signal is given by the false nearest neighbours (FNN) method and it reaches 6, which shows the higher dimension chaos characteristics of the system. Adding the analysis of the ability of anti-attack for the system, it is concluded that the system owns higher security than the normal chaos masking schemes.

Photonic crystal superprism is the key device for the light deflection, filtering and so on, and the group delay is one of the most important parameters to judge light deflection and filtering performances. For the sake of achieving large shift separation, cascade Fabry-Pérot filters or Gires-Tournois filters are usually used to achieve large and linear group delay. A novel method for calculating group delay of multi-cavities filters based on multi-mirror theory is presented, which simplifies the calculation and is not restricted by the practicable materials. As an example, the group delay of a four-cavity Gires-Tournois filters is obtained, which is in excellent agreement with the result by transmission matrix method in optical thin film theory and proves its validity. Finally, the relationship between group delay, linear region and cavity length of Gires-Tournois filters is analyzed, and the suggestion on how to choose suitable cavity length is presented.

Holographic data storage is a key research direction in the optical data storage field due to its high storage density, high capacity and high speed of parallel data accessing. Bacteriorhodopsin (BR), a biologically photochromic material, is a new kind of re-writable holographic recording media. The feasibility of angle multiplexing and polarization multiplexing holographic recording with BR film is proved experimentally. Based on the photochromic property of BR, using 90° angle multiplexing scheme, six holograms are recorded in the BR-D96N film and the reconstructed images are respectively read out clearly without crosstalk. Based on the photoanisotropic property of BR, polarization multiplexing holographic recording in the BR-D96N film is presented. Two images with orthogonal polarizations are recorded as two different holograms at the same position, respectively, which can be selectively retrieved with the original reference beam as readout beam and the appropriate polarizer.

Collinear holography is a technology for ultra-high density and ultra-high speed optical storage system. The reflective disc structure can reflect the reconstructed image back to the same objective lens. As this reason, the system structure can be simplitied which is compatible with existing storage disc systems, like CD and DVD. Servo technologies, which are applied in the optical disc, can precisely maintain the distance and the relative position of the objective lens and the disc, and the holograms can be recorded and reconstructed in a disc accurately. Furthermore a vibration isolator is not necessary any more. The existing essential issues for practicality in conventional 2-axis holography are discussed firstly. And then, collinear holography is introduced and the recording and reconstructing process is demonstrated. Tilt margin and wavelength margin of this system are analyzed from the experimental results. it is proved that the low cost and compactable device can be manufactured theoretically.

The mirror can compensate the tested mirror very well in the optical manufacturing, which with some difficult problems can be solved in the manufacturing. Based on the third-order aberration theory the initial configuration parameters of the mirror compensator in testing the conicoid are solved in theory, making spherical aberration coefficient ∑S1=0, and the relations between the compensating mirror and the tested mirror are given, with the surface of compensator chosen as sphere or ellipsoid. Setting e21=0,0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4, the graph of e22/α～β, α r01/r02～β is plotted based on the equations, the relations of β and α, e21, e22, r01, r02, d12 and the initial configuration parameters of the compensating mirror are also gotten. There are two cases about the compensator: one is α>0, α>1, and the compensator is set in front of the curvature center of the tested mirror; the other is α0, β=0, β<0. By analysing in detail, it is found that both the convex and the concave conicoid mirrors can be compensated and tested by mirror compensators, all cases of compensations and tests are included, some have been brought forward, but others have not, which benifits the general analysis of the compensation and the test.

The accuracy and validity are the most important aspects in auto focusing system using image processing. If the focusing window is too big or small, there will be incorrect focus result because of too much background image in the window and complicated computation or object deviating the window. Further study on the choice of the focusing window is carried out and an innovative method solving the above problem efficiently is proposed. Un-uniform sampling is introduced in order to get higher resolution in central part of image and wider view field and make sure that the object is located in the focusing window and the negative effect of the background image is decreased. In addition, sampling parameters are further studied for better performance. The experimental results indicate that the veracity and the validity of focus are improved efficiently and the focusing time is not affected.

The technical problems concerning the parameter measurement of the laser beam by using a CCD array is studied. A high-precision system for laser beam parameter measurement is developed. Its aberrations and optical interferences are analyzed in theory, and the laser beam with fundamental Gaussian mode by continuous a LD-pumped, solid-state mode generator with 1064 nm is measured. The influence of the beam output with different interference patterns on measurement precision is analyzed and compared with theoretical estimation. Then, the technical requests for designing the optical system are brought up, which provides reference for developing the similar instrument.

Sinusoidal phase modulating technique is introduced in to the self-mixing interference in order to improve the displacement measurement accuracy of the self-mixing interferometer. Phase modulation is obtained by an electro-optic crystal in the external cavity and phase demodulation is achieved by Fourier analysis method. Error sources that can influence the displacement measurement accuracy such as modulating instability of the electro-optic crystal (EOM) and the multiple feedbacks effect in the external cavity have been simulated and the measurement accuracy of the new signal processing method is obtained theoretically. Experimentally, calibration results with a high precision commercial PZT show that a displacement measurement accuracy of nanometers scale is achieved in the common laboratorial environment.

The study on collimation properties of semiconductor laser beams is valuable and the off-axis model can characterize accurately the output beams of semiconductor laser. Based on Rayleigh-Sommerfeld diffraction formula, the analytical expression of the collimation field of semiconductor laser off-axis beams is derived by the method of stationary phase. According to the expression, it is found that the spot size of collimation beams in two directions is not correlative with transmission distance but proportional to the focal length of lens. On-axis intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the focal length and related to the parameters of optical waveguides. The phase distribution of collimation field is nearly spherical for a short transmission distance, while for a long transimission distance the phase distribution is close to a plane. These results are important in engineering applications.

Based on the heat conduction equations and the Gauss-Seidel numerical method, the distribution of temperature, thermal stress and thermally induced refractive index in partially pumped slab lasers are analyzed and comparied with single- and double-side pumped configurations. It is found that a partially pumped slab laser designed appropriately does not suffer more thermal distortion than that in the uniformly pumped ones, meanwhile maintaining high pumping efficiency. Whether the laser works in zigzag or straightforward path, good beam quality is achieved. If Gaussian beam passes the central portion of the crystal in straightforward path, the beam quality factor M2 is 1.4, while in zigzag path M2 is improved to 1.1.

Jahn-Teller effect of spectrum structure and g factor of electron paramagnetic resonance in ZnSiF66H2O∶Fe2+ are explored. The crystal structure of ZnSiF66H2O found by the single crystal neutron diffraction method may be described with two ions SiF6- and Zn(H2O)++. Zn(H2O)++∶Fe2+ of locally trigonal (C3v) symmetry expresses the main spectral propectry of the crystal. The crystal-field and spin-orbit interaction Hamiltonian matrixes and the formula of electron paramagnetic resonance have been composed by the irreducible representation method. The zero-field splitting parameters (D, F-a) and g factor of the electron paramagnetic resonance of Fe2+ ions in ZnSiF66H2O∶Fe2+ crystal are presented by the crystal-field and spin-orbit interaction Hamiltonian matrixes. The contribution of low-spin state 3L to zero-field splitting parameters is studied to be important and strong, whereas the contribution of g factor is ignorable. The structure of crystal is calculated which proves the existance of Jahn-Teller effect. The calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental data.

Effect of interchain and intrachain interactions of porphyrins on the luminescence property of a novel porphyrin side-chain polymer, poly[porphyrin acrylate-acrylonitrile](p[(por)A-AN]) is studied. By femtosecond time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy, transient photoluminescence dynamic process in p[(por)A-AN] is measured. The luminescence efficiency and lifetime are decreased upon going from the pure films to the dilute blended films form 450 ps to 1.3 ns for the lifetime, which are enhanced and increased from ～26 ps to ～36 ps for the lifetime by increasing the concentration of the porphyrin sidechain groups from 8% to 15%. The energy transfer without irradiation between the porphyrin chromophores and the rotation of the porphyrin side-chain groups in the p[(por)A-AN] molecules play important roles in the luminescence dynamics in the p[(por)A-AN] films.

The lithium aluminosilicate glasses doped with Nd3+ ions are synthesized using the conventional melting and quenching technique at a relatively low melting temperature by introducing approprate additives. Lithium aluminosilicate glasses are converted to glass-ceramics by controlling the nucleation and crystallization process. The samples are characterized by differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electronic microsope (SEM), UV-vis-NIR scanning spectrophotometer and fluorescence spectrometer. Three main fluorescence bands centering at about 890 nm, 1065 nm and 1330 nm are observed, which are correspondent to transitions of 4F3/2→4I9/2, 4F3/2→4I11/2 and 4F3/2→4I13/2, respectively. Crystal phases and the grain size of glass-ceramics are found to affect their luminescent characteristics considerably. The fluorescence intensity increases markedly when Nd3+ ions enter the β-eucryptite solid solutions with the grain size in the range of 10～20 nm, and the effective stimulated cross section σin is 1.931×10-21 cm2 at 1065 nm,which increases by 8% in contrast to the host glass. Quenching occurs when Nd3+ ions locate at β-eucryptite solid solution with the grain size close to the visible light wavelength. Quenching disappears after β-eucryptite solid solution are re-crystallized into β-spodumene solid solutions.

The writing of multi-layered data bits inside a PMMA block doped with rare-earth ions Ce3+ excited by a 800 nm femtosecond (200 fs,1 kHz, 800 nm) pulsed laser, and the measurement and discussion of absorption spectra and electron spin resonance spectra before and after femtosecond laser irradiation are reported. The results indicate that the block has a low writing energy threshold, and it's propitious to high speed and parallel three-dimensional data storage. Experimental results of three-dimensional recording and reading with 4 μm in-plane pit spacing and 16 μm inter-plane spacing in four layers are presented using a conventional microscope. The relation between the size of the microexplosion pit and the laser pulse energy is discussed. For high storage density, smaller pulse energy is preferable while keeping enough grey value. It's proved that this material can be used in three-dimensional data storage.

A real-time exposure dose control algorithm for DUV excimer lasers in a step and scan projection lithography is presented. By establishing an abstract scan exposure model and analyzing the pulse to pulse energy fluctuation characteristics of DUV excimer lasers, a real-time dose regulation is implemented based on closed loop feed back control, which especially focuses on reducing the pulse energy overshot and the pulse to pulse stochastic fluctuation. The experiment conducted on an ArF excimer laser with 193 nm of wavelength, 4 kHz of repetition rate, and 5 mJ of pulse energy confirms that such a real-time dose control algorithm is able to achieve a dose accuracy of above 0.89% even with only 20 pulses. It is fully expected that this algorithm will not only meet the more and more stringent dose accuracy requirement for sub-half-micron lithography, but also be helpful to improve the lithography throughput as well as the efficiency.

The impacts of pupil filling unbalance on image CD placement error, H-V bias (the size difference between the vertical lines and the horizontal lines) and I-D bias (the size difference between the isolated lines and the dense lines) are calculated using software PROLITH under annular and quardupole illumination settings. Calculations show that the main effect of pupil filling unbalance on imaging performance of lithography is the image CD placement error. The image CD placement error caused by pupil filling unbalance is proportional to the pupil filling unbalance. The tolerance of the pupil filling unbalance of 5% is achieved according to the budget of the overlay accuracy.

To ensure the imaging quality of the zoom lens, the image plane stabilization should be maintained, while the aberration is corrected. Mechanical compensation can ensure the accuracy of the cam, accomplish the image plane stabilization and keep the imaging quality. With dynamic optical theory, the image motion compensating group formula of the zoom optical system is derived, and the trace curve of the image motion compensating group is plotted. With the plotted curve the cam is fabricated, and compensates the image motion caused by the zoom of the optical system totally. The design for three zoom systems is presented, Which validates the validity and the practicability.

The numerical model of the linear optical amplifier (LOA) is built based on the rate equations. The gain clamping characteristics of LOA are simulated. By combining the transmission matrix of the symmetrical, Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI), the all-optical XOR model of LOA-MZI has been constracted, and two XOR operations are realized at 40 Gbit/s. The performance of the XOR result has been analyzed and compared with the semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA)-MZI. The result differences of the two XOR gates are explained from the structural property. The theoretical results indicate that, LOA has a flat gain characteristic and improved tolerance against small signal distortions, the carrier recovery time is shorted by the vertical laser field, and all-optical XOR functionality can been achieved by using LOA-MZI. By using the differential phase scheme the high-speed operation limitation by the carrier recovery time is solved, and better results can be achieved by choosing the delay time properly. The output signals of LOA-MZI have opener eye diagram, higher extinction ratio, lower peak chirp and lower sensitivity to wavelength.

An electrically controllable radial birefringent pupil filter for modulation of transverse superresolution performance and axial extended focal depth is proposed. It consists of two parallel polarizers, an electro-optical crystal and a birefringent crystal with radial symmetry. The spatial modulation of the optical polarization state at the electro-optic crystal and the radial birefringent device is analyzed. The initial optical polarization state at the radial center is determined by the phase delay of the electro-optic crystal. Combined with the transverse polarization state modulation by the birefringent device, the control of the polarization state evolution path and the stage on the Poincaré sphere, and the redistribution of the optical intensity by spatially modulating the polarization state near the focus are realized. The control of transverse superresolution performance and the axial extended focal depth can be realized merely through the applied-voltage modulation, and the phase delay range can simultaeously be obtained.

Reflective off-axis parabolic mirror has been widely used in radiation calibration, broadband target simulation and energy focusing, because it does not produce chromatic-aberration and has bigger available aperture. The basic factors affecting collimating characteristic are off-axis magnitude, effective aperture and emission position on the focal plane of off-axis parabolic mirror. Vector expression is adopted in analyzing the relation between off-axis parabolic parameters and collimation property. Curves for collimation property of the off-axis collimator are given out in three aspects: the emission position on focal plane varied from 0 to 0.05f, the relative aperture D/f varied from 0 to 0.40 and the relative off-axis magnitude h/f varied from 0.1 to 0.5. Analysis results obtained through vector method are validated by CODE V and tally with those from CODE V under the same conditions. The results are helpful to design parabolic collimators.

Differential transfer matrix method (DTMM) is an efficient tool to solve the wave propagation equation in inhomogeneous media analytically. Using it, the band structure of one-dimensional photonic crystals with continuous indexes of refraction is analyzed. The results show they also have clear band gaps. The more smoothly their refraction indexes change, the narrower their band gaps are. As to the photonic crystals with sine shape index of refraction, the more sharply their indexes of refraction change, the broader their band gaps and low their central frequencies are. The analysis method used is also applicable to one-dimensional periodical functional gradient materials.

The stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) of 532 nm, 30 ps pulse was investigated in YVO4 crystal samples. In an external single-pass configuration, the SRS thresholds for the first Stokes line were measured for different crystal lengths, and the steady-state gain coefficient was calculated to be 16.0±0.5 cm/GW. In this experiment, the second Stokes line (558.6 nm, 587.8 nm) as well as the first anti-Stokes line (508.0 nm) was also observed. The total conversion efficiency of SRS was higher than 50%.

The squeezing property of the light field in the non-resonant system of single-model squeezed vacuum field interacting with two coupling atoms via intensity-dependent coupling in Kerr medium is investigated. By using the numerical method, the relations between the squeezing property of the light field and the coupling parameter of the system are discussed. The results show that the squeezing property of the light field depends on the Kerr medium, the detuning, the interaction between atoms and the initial squeezed factor of light field. With the increase of the dipole-dipole interaction between atoms, the squeezing effect of light field gradually becomes weak and the squeezing time gradually decreases. With the increase of the Kerr effect or the detuning, the squeezing degree of light field gradually becomes weak first and strong later, the squeezing time gradually decreases first and increases later. The squeezing degree of light field is smaller for the cases of the small initial squeezed factor light field. On the contrary, the squeezing degree rises for the cases of the large initial squeezed factor of light field. But the influence of the atomic initial state on the squeezing degree of the light field is not noticeable.

In order to modify hypocrellin A (HA) while maintaining its excellent sensitivity to singlet oxygen, work has been done to recognise its spectroscopy and electronic excited state properties. New evidences are obtained to decide its spectroscopy and electronic transition mechanism, from systemmatic study of the absorption and fluorescence spectrum of HA in different acidity and basicity. Results indicate that the absorption band I results from π→π* transition; the long wavelength absorption band Ⅱ and Ⅲ results from L→aπ transition for the reason of P-π conjugation, and the fluorescence emission band I and Ⅱ result from the transition of S1 (L,aπ)→S0 with the similar vibronic featrues to absorption band.

It is urgent to think up a quick and precise method in the discrimination of the famous tea. A new discriminate method of tea is proposed. In this study, Biluochun tea serves as the target and the model for discriminating the authenticity of tea is built up using near-infrared spectroscopy combined with the pattern recognition of support vector machine (SVM). The experimental result shows that in the spectra region between 6500 cm-1 and 5300 cm-1, the best model is built by the standard normal variate (SNV) preprocessing, when 11 principal components are selected and the radial basis function (RBF) is used as the kernel function. The discriminate rate of the model for 138 samples in training set is 93.48%, and 84.44% for 90 samples in predicting set. The research shows that it is feasible to apply near-infrared spectroscopy to discriminate the authenticity of the famous tea based on SVM.

Amorphous WO3 electrochromic films are deposited by advanced mid-frequency dual-target magnetron sputtering method using pure tungsten as targets. X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectronic spectroscopy (XPS) and ultra violet spectrophotometer are used to analyze the structure, morphology, composition and transmittance property of the films respectively. The effects of oxygen flow and heat treatment temperature on the electrochromism of the films are studied. The results show this method is available to deposit electrochromic films. The as-deposited films deposited at room temperature are amorphous. It can improve the electrochromic performance of films to raise oxygen content and keep appropriate heat treatment temperature. In the experiment, films deposited at high oxygen content show favorable electrochromic property after annealing at 200 ℃, and the variation of average transmittance difference between the bleached and colored state reaches 50% in the wavelength range 380～780 nm.

The reflectivity and transmittance of ion beam sputtering deposited Cu films of different thickness have been measured by Lambda-900 spectrophotometer. Using Hadley equations, taking into account the correction due to the back surface of the substrate, the optical constants of ion beam sputtering deposited Cu films have been calculated. The results show that the optical constants of Cu films for the same wavelength change evidently along with thickness if the film thickness is less than 100 nm, but reach a certain value if the film thickness is bigger than 100 nm. The relationship between the optical constants of discontinuous Cu films and the wavelength is different from that of continuous Cu films. The relationship between the optical constants of continuous Cu films of different thickness and the wavelength is similar, but the values of the optical constants are different.

A phase control method of femtosecond laser pulse pair over a large range is presented, which is based on the assumption that change of the laser polarization state affects the optical path difference factor of the two beams in the Michelson interferometer. Based on the phase locking of the two beams from the He-Ne laser, the relative phase difference control for femtosecond laser pulse pair is achieved over a large range. The dynamic phase locking for the beam from the He-Ne laser and the relative phase difference control for femtosecond laser pulse pair are validated experimentally. The former experimental result shows that the optical path difference of the two arms is controlled within nanometer scale. The measured autocorrelation curve of the femtosecond laser pulse fits the theoretical result well, and the Fourier transform shows a single-peak spectrum. The system can steadily achieve the relative phase difference dynamic control of the femtosecond laser pulse pair almost without limitation of range.

The new effects of phase-conjugation asymmetric attosecond sum-frequency polarization beat (ASPB) of twin composite color-locking stochastic fields in cascade three-level system are investigated. The radiation field-matter asymmetric effects and hybrid detuning terahertz oscillation property of self-correlation single-photon degenerate four-wave mixing signal (DFWM) and two-photon nondegenerate four-wave mixing signal (NDFWM), and time-delay asymmetry of two-photon non-degenerate resonant four-wave mixing theoretically are analyzed; the time-delay asymmetry of polarization beat signal caused by the unbalanced dispersion effects between the two arms of Michelson interferometer, which is the phenomenon that the maximum of the polarization beat signal shifts from zero time delay, is also studied. But this asymmetry does not affect the total precision of homodyne detected ASPB signal when detecting the energy-splitting of two transition-forbidden excited states. As a Doppler-free attosecond ultrafast coherent modulation process, ASPB can be intrinsically extended to any two dipolar forbidden energy-level systems.