For the rapid development of space remote sensing technology and the improvement of demand for space detection precision, this paper researches the more feasible and effective technological routes for ultra large aperture optical remote sensors. Several kinds of optical remote sensors that have been launched or planed are included, such as monolithic aperture imaging system, deployable segmented imaging system, interferometric synthetic aperture imaging system and diffractive imaging system. The research process, structure characteristics, developing states and application fields of the remote sensors are described. Details on the performance characteristics and application situations of various sensors are discussed in later sections. According to the requirements of space optical remote sensors with high resolution and high imaging quality, some suggestions on developing space optical remote sensors with ultra large apertures of 2—4 m, 4—10 m and some super large apertures are put forward respectively based on the current technical conditions and development trends.

To explore the scattering characteristics of the stray light on hood surface of a camera, the Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function(BRDF) of the matte coating(Z306) on a aluminium plate specimen was measured and modeled to suppress the stray light. The BRDF value of the specimen coated with matte coating Z306 at 0.65 μm was obtained. On the basis of the scattering characteristics of the specimen coated with matte coating Z306, the microfacet-based model suitable for roughness matte coating was selected and corrected. The corrected microfacet-based model was used to model and process the measurement data and to obtain the BRDF data of the specimen in the whole hemisphere space to make up the defects of the less data and measurement errors. The BRDF data of the matte coating was induced to the software to analyze the stray light of an optical system and to compare the performance with the results of the stray light measurement. It shows that after the measurement data are processed by the correction microfacet-based model, the analysis results of the stray light have high consistency with the measurement results of the stray light, and the logarithm value of the ratio of tested value and analyzed value is less than 0.5. The results demonstrate that the BRDF model is necessary and the data processing is accurate, which provides an important method for stray light suppression in optical systems.

When CaF2 materials are used in projection lenses, the performance of the projection lenses can be improved greatly. This paper researches the process of CaF2 crystal fabrication to realize its high precision optical fabrication in all wave bands. Firstly, the pitch lap and the diamond powder were used to get a relative better figure and surface quality of a CaF2 element. Then, the technological parameters of the polishing lap, such as rotation speed, movement range and pressure were optimized, and the colloidal silica was used in polishing to reduce the high frequency errors in the CaF2 element, remove the scratch in machining and to obtain a smaller mid-spatial error and smaller higher frequency roughness. Finally, the ion beam figuring technique was used to repair finely the surface figure of the element meanwhile maintaining the high frequency error in the CaF2 element. The Experiments were conduct on a CaF2 crystal plane with a diameter of 100 mm, and the results indicate that its 37 Zernike fit error and the Zernike residual error reach to 0.39 nm RMS and 0.43 nm RMS, respectively, and the roughness reaches to 0.31 nm on average. These results satisfy the nanometer machining requirements of the projection lens, and lay a basis for development of the high performance projection lenses.

A new monocentric multiscale imaging system with a wide field of view and dual resolution was proposed based on the theories of monocentric multiscale imaging and foveated imaging to achieve the high resolution dynamic gazing of the interesting region in a wide-area. The working model of this system was described in detail. By using a single lens and a doublet as the initial structure, two axis MEMS(Micro-Electronic-Mechanical System) micro mirrors were combined to form a light path. On the basis of the ZEMAX software, a sub-imaging system(6°) was optimized and designed to realize the high resolution gazing in the individual separated field of view(30°) at the spectra range from 486—0656 μm. The image quality, spot diagram, Modulation Transform Function(MTF) curve and the field curvature/distortion curve of the sub-image system were evaluated, and the results show that the imaging is uniform in the full field of view and approaches the diffraction limitation. Moreover, it has smaller field curvature and distortion, the field curvature is smaller than 0.6 mm, and the distortion is smaller than 1.5%. These data meet the requirements of monocentric multiscale dual resolution imaging systems for the performance of sub-imaging systems.

As the geometric errors of shafts in a femtosecond laser tracker directly lead to pointing error and limits the coordinate measuring accuracy of the instrument, this paper researches the effects of geometric errors between optical axis and vertical rotary shaft in the laser tracker on measuring accuracy of the instrument. It proposes a calibration method for the coaxiality of optical axis and vertical rotary shaft to reduce the tracking measuring errors from the misalignment between optical axis and vertical rotary shaft. Firstly, a mathematical model of geometric errors between optical axis and vertical rotary shaft was built based on geometrical optical principles, and influences of the tilt and translation between optical axis and vertical rotary shaft on measuring angle errors were analyzed. Then, a coaxiality detecting method based on the rotation imaging principle and image processing algorithm was proposed, and a set of coaxiality detecting device was designed. On the basis of the detecting device, the tilt and translation between optical axis and vertical rotary shaft were calibrated by adjustment of dual wedges. Results show that the angle error of optical axis and vertical rotary shaft is 3.4″ and the translation error is 26.1 μm after calibration, which meets the design indicator of femtosecond laser tracker. This work establishes a theoretical foundation for the subsequent system errors.

A swept-source laser by using an Acousto-optic Tunable Filter(AOTF) was researched to improve the stability of the source output. The principles and method to implement output stability of the source were described, and corresponding parameters of the source were analyzed. An acousto-optic tuning was selected to replace the mechanical filtering to improve its output stability. A Semiconductor Optical Amplifier(SOA) was used as a gain medium and the AOTF was used as a wavelength-selected element in an internal fiber ring cavity. The acousto-optic interaction was used in the filtering of light in the cavity. With the SOA injection current of 280 mA, the continuous wavelength tuning range of the source is from 1 294 to 1 368 nm centered at a wavelength of 1 330 nm, and its sweep rate is 3 731 Hz, the full width at half maximum is 51 nm and the output power from the ring cavity is 1.14 mW. By using the electric control element AOTF, the system implements the electronic tuning without mechanical movement elements, so it shows good output stability and excellent spectral repetition. It concludes that the swept-source laser obtained by this method has a stable output and satisfies the requirements of the other parameters of the swept source optical coherence tomography.

To detect the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in soils accurately, the typical PAH pollutants of anthracene in soils was used as research targets, and the effect of soil particle size on the fluorescence characteristics was researched. Then, a correction method was established to reduce the influence of soil particle size on the standard curve of PAH. The fluorescence characteristics of anthracene in soils were studied and three fluorescence peaks were shown at 421 nm, 442 nm and 470 nm. Seven soil samples with different particle sizes contaminated with anthracene were prepared. On the basis of the perturbation of soil particle sizes, the synchronous and asynchronous two-dimensional(2D) correlation fluorescence spectra were calculated and the variations of the fluorescence intensity of anthracene and Rayleigh scattering intensity at 304 nm with soil particle sizes were studied. It was found that the fluorescence intensity of anthracene and Rayleigh scattering intensity enhance with the increase of soil particle sizes. Finally, the standard curves were established to determine the concentration of anthracene in 80 mesh and 160 mesh soils, respectively, and the fluorescence of anthracene was corrected by the Rayleigh scattering at 304 nm. The results show that the proposed corrected method effectively reduces the effect of soil particle size on the standard curve of anthracene.

On the basis of the industrial photography, a non-contact measurement method for dynamic shaft power of a transmission shaft was proposed. Firstly, a measurement system of shaft power was designed, and the measurement method of shaft rotational speed and shaft torque was put forward. Then the shaft rotational speed and torque were measured by digital image correlation method and sub pixel computation. Finally, the shaft power was figured out. To validate the accuracy of this measurement method, a test system mounted on a vehicle was set up, and the actual test was carried out on a chassis dynamometer. The test results show that the measurement results by proposed shaft power measurement method and the chassis dynamometer have the same trend, and the average of relative error is 9.37%. The measuring range of the shaft rotational speed covers the whole process, and the fluctuation of measurement results is smaller. The measurement results are basically consistent with that of the chassis dynamometer, and the average of relative error is 0.73%, which verifies its strong anti-noise ability. Moreover, the measuring range of the shaft torque covers the part of the high torque, and the measurement results is in a larger fluctuation. The measurement results have the same trend with that of the chassis dynamometer, and the average of relative error is 1515%, the anti-noise ability is weaker. The method proposed in this paper overcomes shortcomings of some traditional measurement methods, and provides a new way to solve the measurement problem of dynamic shaft power.

An ultra-short embedded baffle was put forward to reduce the size of an aerial satellite and to control its attitude meanwhile maintaining the result of stray light suppressing. The basic structure of the ultra-short embedded baffle was introduce, and its optimized design method was given. The shape of the baffle was redesigned, and an ultra-short multilayer shading tube was designed to replace the quite long baffle designed by existing methods. The installation mode between the baffle and the main structure was changed. The designed baffle was installed into the main structure of an air sensor by an embedding manner, by which the size of the baffle was reduced in the greatest extent. Finally, a concrete aerial camera was taken for an example, and the feasibility of this baffle and its effect on the stray light suppressing were analyzed. A baffle with two-layer concentric cylindrical tube was optimizing by Light-tools software and its stray light suppressing was evaluated. The simulation results show that after the ultra-short embedded structured was used in the baffle, its whole length and weight are just one third of that of the traditional one. The Point Source Transmission(PST) shows a declining curve, and the PST value of the optical system is less than 10-7 when the off-axis angle is wider than 25°. Furthermore, the designed baffle suppresses the undesired stray-light flux at the focal plane, the suppressed effectiveness is the same as that of the off-axis and coaxial systems, and meets the requirements of the applications.

A real-time seam tracking system consisting of a three-axis cartesian robot, a line laser sensor, and an industrial computer was designed and its measuring principle, feature point measuring method and adaptive fuzzy control were researched. The Guassian Kernelized Correlation Filter(KCF) was adopted to detect the weld feature points in real time in welding process and 3D coordinate values of industrial camera were obtained by 2D pixel coordinate values based on measuring principle. A adaptive fuzzy controller was designed. On the basis of the adaptive fuzzy controller, the deviation values and deviation rate of the coordinate system were calculated to obtain the control values of movement trajectory for torch end. Meanwhile, the inputs and outputs on the domain and fuzzy membership functions of fuzzy controller were updated in real time. The experiments on seam tracking were performed. The experimental results show that the system realizes accurate seam tracking in real-time under the conditions of strong arc light and splash when the largest welding current is 350 A in Metal-Inert Gas Welding (MIG). The tracking error is less than 0.325 3 mm and the metrical frequency of sensor is up to 20 Hz. In welding processing, the end of the torch runs smooth the weld trajectory can be tracked accurately and the system shows strong anti-interference ability, so it meets the requirements of welding applications.

The dynamic measurement platforms for photoelectric encoders are characterized by higher resolution, higher accuracy, and higher rotation speeds, and traditional measurement methods are difficult to calibrate its dynamic measurement accuracy. So, this paper proposes a calibration method for the measurement platforms. The working principle of the platforms was analyzed, and some factors effecting the measuring accuracy of the platforms was pointed out. The main characteristics of dynamic errors were researched and analyzed and a dynamic calibration method for the platforms was introduced based on its dynamic repetition characteristics. Finally, a FPGA+USB data collection circuit was designed to use in the calibration method. The method was successfully utilized to calibrate some self-developed dynamic platforms. The results show that the method proposed is capable of calibrating dynamic rotation platforms, and verify that the measurement platform can implement the dynamic measurement of photoelectric encoders. The method solves the problem of dynamic calibration for dynamic rotation platforms.

An isothermally hot-embossing methodology was proposed for the flattening of plastic microreactors. The flattening principles of a plane plastic microreactor by the isothermally hot-embossing methodology were researched and an elastic-plastic model was established to describe the deformation process. The influences of temperature and pressure on the topography of plastic microparts were quantitatively analyzed. By considering the flattening effect and microstructure of the plastic microreactor, the effect of main technological parameters on the flattening accuracy was analyzed by the isothermally hot-embossing methodology. The result indicates that the influence of thermal load on flattening degree is more obvious than that of the external pressure. The deformations at the ends of microreactor are much larger than that of the middle chamber owing to the larger contact area at the ends. The changing rates of flatness and waviness come to the maximum value when the temperature is 70 ℃ at the same pressure. After optimization, the changing rate of flatness achieves to 72.7% and the flatness of the microreactor is improved within 10 μm by the hot embossing technology. Moreover, the changing rate of waviness ranges from 3.50% to 53.5% at different regions of plastic microparts and the deformation of the microstructure size is controlled within 5 μm. The study is beneficial to improrement of the precision of flat plastic microparts.

A precision rotary positioner with a large stroke driven by the non-resonant piezoelectric motor was proposed to solve the problem of short stoke, complicated structure and control of the precision positioner in optical waveguide packaging. The precision rotary positioner could meet the needs of large stroke and high precision by two driving modes of continuous actuating and stepping actuating. Firstly, the dynamic model of the rotary positioner was established and the kinematics formula of system was presented. Then, the principle of movement was analyzed and the impact factors of rotate speed were researched. Finally, the characters of rotate speed, step displacement, resolution and load were tested, and driving modes of continuous actuating and stepping actuating were discussed. The experimental results indicate that the top speed of precision rotary positioner reaches about 47 963.2 μrad/s at the driving sinusoidal voltage in a peak-peak value of 120 V, an offset of 60 V and a frequency of 180 Hz. Moreover, the rotary resolution of precision rotary positioner is about 3 μrad and the maximum load is 60 g. This precision rotary positioner has characteristics of large stroke, high precision, simple structure, stable controllability and fast response. As compared with the existing precision rotary positioner, the new one presented in the paper has more larger stroke, higher precision, simpler structure and is more convenient to be assembled, adjusted, and produced in batch.

When the primary mirror position of a telescope is adjusted, its position should be measured in real time. This paper proposes an on line measuring system for the primary mirror position based on position sensors. By taking the deformation of a mirror cell into account, a algorithm to solve the primary mirror position was obtained by using the space analytic geometry method. A 1.23 m SiC mirror in our lab was used to complete the online measuring experiment for the primary mirror position. The measuring data were collected in real time by using 6 position sensors fixed at the back and later of the mirror when the mirror was turning around the rotation axis. The cell deformation was also analyzed by using finite element method. Finally, the measuring values by the sensors and the cell deformation value were taken as the systems difference to introduce the algorithm to obtain the X\\Y\\Z displacements, rotation angles around X\\Y axis and the extension of mirror radius caused by temperature changing. Experimental results indicate that the stiffness of axial supporting mechanism is much larger than that of the lateral one. When the rotation angle of mirror is 45°, the mirror displacement in Z direction is about 20 μm, and that in X and Z directions are 146 μm and 100 μm, respectively. The accuracy of this method is verified by the test results, which provides a reference for the correction of primary mirror positions in telescopes.

A micro acceleration switch for long pulse sensitivity was proposed to meet the requirement of a power management system of intelligent weapons for switch latching/unlatching. The switch was designed by using a suspended mass with tooth-shaped structure and a tooth shape guide and the energy dissipation was realized by the mutual collision of the mass and tooth shape guide during the moving process. The switch could implement the unlatch under the high amplitude and narrow pulse width acceleration and the latch under the low amplitude and long pulse width acceleration reliably. The structure and working principle of the switch were introduced. Then, the theoretical analysis and finite element analysis(FEA) of the switch were carried out and its model was simplified. A prototype switch was prepared by UV-LIGA technology, and the functional properties of the switch were verified by the combination of FEA and prototype test. The FEA shows that the switch latches reliably under 3 000 g/3 ms half sine acceleration pulse. The centrifugal test result shows that the static latching threshold of switch is from 2 385.3 g to 2 475.6 g. The dropping shock test and FEA results show that the switch do not latch under 15 000 g/0.3 ms half-sine acceleration. These results demonstrate that the switch meets the design requirements and can be applied to the occasions where the pulse width is required to be distinguished.

To obtain the state equations of some materials at a high pressure, an iron-aluminum impedance match target for the experimental researches on the state equation of laser driving was prepared and the bonding technology of iron and aluminum films was studied. Both the cold rolled iron film and ultra-precision matching aluminum film were used as raw materials in this work, and the dependences of sample topography, thickness, crystallization properties and interfacial characteristics on process conditions were also researched. A white light interferometer, a scan electron microscope(SEM) and an X-ray diffractometer(XRD) were employed to further reveal the revolution rules of the above parameters and to hold the changing trend of these parameters. Based on the optimized processing conditions, a higher quality target without micro-defect was prepared successfully, and its roughness is less than 100 nm, thickness uniformity is lower than 100 nm and the diffusion layer thickness is about 200 nm. These excellent physical properties verify that the final target significantly meets the requirements of state equation of experiments.

Due to the spherical shape, the spherical electrode has different etching depths in ICP(Inductively Coupled Plasma) etching, and the resonator following the stopping layer is often damaged in the thin place of the electrode before the ICP etching front reaches the stopping layer in the thick place of the electrode. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel method to fabricate 3D silicon spherical electrodes. On the basis of the inhenrent lag effect of ICP etching, a V-shaped mask with an open window width gradually shrinked from 60 μm to 10 μm was used to modulate the etching speeds of the electrode and the etching speed was tuned to be a normalized speed nearly 2.3 μm/min in all places of the electrode. Then, a silicon step structure was used to simulate the 3D spherical profile of the electrode and to ensure the silicon depth of the last step to be about 150 μm, by which the etching front across the spherical electrode could be made to reach the stopping layer almost simultaneously. With the step-shaped silicon dioxide mask, the normalized ICP etching depth of the spherical electrode was tuned to be approximately the same and the spherical electrodes were fabricated successfully by one ICP etching process. It concludes that the silicon spherical electrode with functional output for MEMS hemisphere gyros can be fabricated successfully, and the maximum radius of the sphere is 500 μm.

This paper focuses on environmental vibration energy harvesting generator to provide low energy for a micro low-power system. A piezoelectric electromagnetic hybrid broadband power generator was developed based on nonlinear magnetic force tuning. The working principle of the power generator was introduced, and its output power characteristics by the piezoelectric system and electromagnetic system were respectively simulated with the software of ANSYS and Ansoft Maxwell. Then, an experiment system was set up to test the output power characteristics of the power generator with the magnetic force tuning. Experimental results indicate that the peak output open voltage from the power generator is 5.8 V at the resonance frequency of 60 Hz, which is higher than that of the piezoelectric system(5.5 V)and the electromagnetic system (410 mV)independently. When the natural frequency is adjusted with the magnetic force tuning, its resonance frequency band expands from 45 to 76 Hz as the piezoelectric cantilever beam moves from -15 mm to 15 mm in the vertical direction. And the resonance frequency band expands from 51 to 70 Hz similarly as the cantilever beam moves from 0 to 30 mm in the horizontal direction. The experiments show that the simulation analysis results are coincided with that tested results well. It demonstrates that the broadband energy harvesting system can use in low-frequency environment random vibration and can satisfy the demands of low-power of wireless sensor systems.

By taking common three-phase asynchronous motors for objective, a motor model was established, and the stator iron cores of the asynchronous motor was prepared by the Fe-based amorphous alloy and silicon steel, respectively. The performance and characteristics of stator iron cores made of Fe-based amorphous alloy and silicon steel were researched. Then, the alternating current losses and coercive forces of two kinds of iron cores were also tested by a soft magnetic testing system. Test results show that the alternating current loss of the amorphous core is only 1/3 that of the traditional silicon steel core, and its residual magnetism is only 1/4 that of the traditional one under the same frequency and magnetic induction intensity. These data indicate that the alternating current loss and coercive force from the former are far less than that of the latter and the higher the working frequency is, the greater the difference between the two data is, showing that amorphous material has more excellent soft magnetic characteristics than silicon steel materials. Moreover, a finite element analysis model for the three-phase induction motor was established, and the characteristics of the motors made of two different materials were calculated. Results show that the characteristics and efficiency of the motor with the amorphous alloy core are much better than that of the motor with the silicon steel core. These results presented have important significance for the further study of the amorphous motors.

To obtain the effect of bolt-joint in a theodolite on the dynamic response of system, the nonlinear property caused by assemble connection was researched. A single bolt connection cantilever model was used to analyze the change of structure vibration characteristics from the bolt-joint. Then, the finite element method was employed in the simulation analysis in time domain for the nonlinear vibration characteristics of cantilever model connected by the bolt joint under low pretension, and the phase diagrams under different loads were obtained. With Fast Fourier Transfer method, the super-harmonic resonances under 1/2 natural frequency excitation were pointed out. By an exciter experiment, the response amplitudes by free vibration and forced vibration were given, respectively, and the simulation results were verified. It shows that the greater the excitation magnitude is, the greater the impact from the nonlinear term is. This method has guiding significance for research on nonlinear vibration characteristics of connection structures.

According to the requirements of laser radars for beam wavefront, a piezo-activated double-sided and fast-steering mirror was designed to realize the high-accuracy beam pointing and wide scanning range of a coherent laser remote system. The mechanical structure of the system and its electronics control method were researched. In consideration of the system requirements for the point angle, clear aperture and the signal bandwidth, an actuator and a displacement amplification mechanism were chosen. To overcome the nonlinear effect of piezoelectric ceramics, such as hysteresis and creep, an analog Proportion Intergration Differentiation(PID) closed-loop feedback control method by taking a strain gauge as the displacement sensor was designed. By analysis of the natural modal frequencies of the pointing mirror, the circum support was determined as the mirror support manner. Experimental results indicate that the pointing accuracy and scanning speed of the system are respectively 27 μrad and 2.7 rad/s at the range of 27 mrad×27 mrad, which satisfies the requirements of laser remote sensing for detection ranges, detection accuracy and detection speeds.

To improve the detection accuracy of a magnetostrictive liquid level sensor, different placements of float magnets in the bias magnetic fields of the sensor and its impact on the detection voltage were researched. The bias magnetic fields generated by float magnets in different placements were analyzed by the finite element analysis of ANSYS software. It was found that when three pieces of magnets under NNS placement or one single ring magnet are chosen as bias magnetic field, the detection voltage waveform is in line with expectations. Besides, the effects of bias magnetic field of magnetostrictive liquid level sensor were done on detection voltage were experimentally studied and the experiments were done more times for the float magnets at different placements. The experiment results verify that when the bias magnetic field is generated by three pieces of magnets under NNS placement or one single ring magnet, the amplitude of detection voltage reaches 50 mV, which has improved almost 30 mV as compared with that of other ways. It suggests that three pieces of magnets under NNS placement or one single ring magnet can be applied as the bias magnetic field of magnetostrictive liquid level sensors.

A mechanical and a parameter optimization model for flexure support structure of optical components were proposed to allow the flexure structure meet simultaneously the requirements of the stiffness for optical component position and the compliance for temperature adaptability。Meanwhile, the corresponding modeling method was investigated. As this flexure structure was consisted of several identical flexure parts, it was simplified into an indeterminate beam structure, and the radical stiffness and tangential stiffness were derived using the virtual work principle. Then, by assuming optical components for the rigid body, the whole stiffness of the flexure support structure was derived based on the force equilibrium and its compatible deformation, and the correction factor was introduced to compensate the error caused by the rigid assumption. Finally, the total strain energy of the flexure structure was taken as the objective function, and the collaborative optimization model was derived considering the geometrical pattern and parameters simultaneously. By introducing the integral variables, the whole stiffness of the structure was simplified into a linear combination of the integral variable and discrete stiffness, and the harmonic terms were eliminated. The whole stiffness model was verified by the simulation and experiment, and the experiment results are highly in agreement with the simulation results. A lens mounting was taken for an example, the optimization method of the flexure mounting structure was verified. The finite element simulation results show that the surface precision of the lens has been improved by 23%.

For the spacecrafts with circle and line features, an algorithm for embedded vision applications was proposed for the relative pose measurement between non-cooperative targets. The edge points were detected by a Canny edge detector and the image thinning was performed in a Field Programming Gate Array(FPGA). Then, elliptic characters on the target were detected by a novel ellipse detection algorithm based on edge contour in a Digital Signal Processor(DSP), and line features on the target were detected by a real-time and high accuracy method base on Hough Transform(HT). Finally, a ground simulation experiment was performed for a practical mission on orbit. and the relative attitude between target spacecraft and CCD camera was calculated by the obtained ellipse and lines. Experimental results show that the proposed method have been implemented in the embedded system and the update rate is more than 3 Hz. The measurement accuracy becomes poorer with the increasing of measuring distance and that in three directions is different even in the same measure distance. When the measuring distance is less than 4 m, the measurement accuracy in the depth direction is higher than 100 mm, other directions is higher than 60 mm and the angle accuracy is higher than 1°. The obtained results meet the requirement of the embedded system for the system resource, update rate and the detection accuracy.

As the traditional inversion algorithms for particle size distribution measurement by dynamic light scattering show complex computation, lower accuracy and poorer anti-noise capacity, this paper proposes a soft sensing method for particle size distribution based on improved Bagging algorithm by using idea big data. The data of autocorrelation function and particle sizing distribution were obtained by changing the parameters of particle distribution shape. Then the learning machines were trained by the data. Finally, the traditional Bagging algorithm was improved on the basis of the character of high dimensional data. The improved Bagging strategy was used to aggregate the machines for bettering the model accuracy and its generalization performance. A validation experiment was performed by simulating the single peak data and soft sensing for the standard particles with a diameter of 300 nm. Experiment results demonstrate that the proposed method predicts the peak position and the width of particle sizing distribution accurately, and the best accuracy of peak position measurement is 1 nm. Meanwhile, the accuracies for standard particles with diameters of 300 nm and 503 nm are 3 nm and 4 nm, respectively. The proposed method provides a new way for the particle size distribution measurement in dynamic light scattering.

For non-ideal image construction performance of a block circulant matrix in remote sensing compressive imaging, this paper introduces the particle swarm optimization intelligent algorithm into optimizing the block circulant matrix, meanwhile maintaining the matrix structure. Firstly, the Welch bound of a correlation coefficient is taken as a threshold value to restrain the off-diagonal entries of the Gram matrix and to build a target matrix. Then, the objective function is established by making the Gram matrix approach the target matrix, and the optimized variable is replaced as the free entries to compose the block circulant matrix. To improve the optimized efficiency, the weight adaptive update is used to improve the partical search capacity. A construction comparison experiment is carried out, the results show that the correlation properties of the block circulant matrix with the sparse transform matrix has been reduced while maintaining the matrix structure, and the coefficients for maximum correlation, average correction and threshold average correction have been reduced by 0.027 3, 0.017 5 and 0.004 6, respectively. These results show the image construction performance is improved by optimized block circulant matrix.

To realize the information fusion of infrared and visible images and make up the deficiency of the single modality image, a new algorithm based on saliency and Edge Orientation Histogram(EOH) features was proposed. Firstly, the saliency analysis was used to find the important information of the visible image and to obtain the saliency map. By fusing it with the visible image, the important information in the visible image was divided. Then, adaptive Features from Accelerated Segment Test(FAST) algorithm was employed in detecting feature points on the visible image and infrared image, and the improved EOH was used to describe the detected feature points. Finally, corresponding feature points were found by calculating the similarity of feature points in the visible and infrared images and the infrared and visible images were matched. An image matching experiments at three conditions were carried out, and the results indicate that when the collection conditions between the infrared and visible images are similar, the feature matching accuracy reaches 96.55%. When the difference of collection conditions between the infrared and visible images is large, the feature matching accuracy still can reach 74.21%. The algorithm realizes fast and accurate matching of infrared and visible images, and meets the requirements of image matching for accuracy and stability, especially under a collection condition that the infrared and visible images are bigger different.

A real-time Non-Uniformity Correction(NUC) algorithm for a single-frame infrared image was proposed based on multi-thread optimization to correct the strip-type Fixed Pattern Noise(FPN) generated by non-uniformity response from an infrared camera. Firstly, the plus-relationship of the output value and the noise was determined by NUC algorithm based on total variation theory and a mathematical model was established to describe the strip noise. The image was split into a high-frequency component and a low-frequency component by filters, and the strip noise was fitted from the high-frequency component by the mathematical model. Finally, the real infrared image was restored by the plus-relationship obtained from the total variation theory. To improve the computing speed, the proposed algorithm was optimized with the multi-thread. The image quality evaluation of the proposed algorithm was carried out and its performance was compared with the Midway Infrared Equalization(MIRE) and the bilateral filter methods. Experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm has reduced the response non-uniformity by 3% as compaired with original image according to national standard GB/T 17444-1998, and its efficiency is no difference with that of the MIRE. Moreover, system running time for an 14 bit infrared image with a resolution of 320×256 is 1.5 ms/frame, which meets the engineering requirements.

Since the target in a pseudo color fusion image based on the classical Waxman fusion model is not clear, this paper proposes an improved receptive field fusion model. The infrared image and visible light image were respectively ON against enhanced and OFF against enhanced. The infrared ON against enhanced image was fed into an center exciting area of the center-surround receptive field model and the visible light OFF against enhanced image was fed into a surround inhibition zone to get the fusion image B component. Then, the infrared OFF against image was fed into a center inhibition zone of the center-surrounding receptive field model and the visible light ON against enhanced image was fed into the center exciting area to get the fusion image of G component. Furthermore, the visible ON against enhanced image was directly taken as the R component of fused image and to output the pseudo color fusion image. Finally, the fusion experiments were performed for two groups of original images by Waxman model and proposed model and the fusion results were evaluated by the information entropy of fused image and the average gradient. The results show that the first set data by proposed method are higher 0.314 6 and 0.004 1 respectively than that of Waxman fusion model, and that of the second set data by proposed method are higher 0.255 1 and 0.255 1 than that of the Waxman fusion model. It concludes that fusion effect of the proposed fusion model is superior to that of the classical Waxman model.

To detect the micro gas leakage in petrochemical production, a single-frame small target detection method was proposed by using infrared images. The low-rank sparse decomposition theory and sparse representation theory were researched and an innovative method to detect a micro-target was proposed based on tensor low-rank decomposition and sparse representation. The tensor decomposition form was employed in exploiting the information contained in background matrices, The priori knowledge was used to construct a micro gas leakage target dictionary, meanwhile, the micro-gas leakage targets were decomposed by low-rank constraint in the background and sparse representation in the micro-target. Finally, the algorithm was solved optimally by using Inexact Augmented Lagrange Multiplier(IALM) method and its merits were compared with that of common methods. The results indicate that the proposed algorithm has better detection efficiency than that of common methods and it shows better ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics)curves. It concludes that these results meet the requirements of micro gas leakage detection during industrial productions.

An optical aerial image orthorectification parallel algorithm by Graphic Processing Unit(GPU) acceleration was presented to improve the image real-time processing ability and the serial orthorectification efficiency for massive image data on a CPU. The principle of optical image orthorectification algorithm was introduced, and the parallel processing of orthorectification algorithm was described. To reduce the computational load of GPU execution, the concept of “effective pixel region” was introduced and an improved GPU parallel correction algorithm was designed. Then, the efficiency of the algorithm was improved through configuration options and a memory access optimization. Finally, the algorithm precision was analyzed, and impact of the noise on the algorithm was verified. The experimental results show that the optimized improved-GPU parallel algorithm significantly improves the speed of the correction. When the image size is 5 000×5 000, the speed up is 223 times as compared with the CPU serial algorithm. Although the GPU single precision calculation method and noise interference will cause the serious decline of correction precision, it is still in an allowable error range. As a result, the GPU algorithm implements the orthorectification of optical aerial images rapidly and the corrected images satisfy the need of practical applications.

Because the precise coordinate description and accurate matching of physiology of the lumber spine have not yet reached the accuracy requirement of the medicine, this paper researches how to describe the physical coordinates of lumber spine feature points precisely. The definition and traditional annotation method of human spine sample features were introduce. Then, an improved method to adaptively annotate the feature points was proposed based on curvature multiple feature fusing to solve the problem of weaker precision for the manual annotation of feature points. In this method, the definiting values of Gaussian curvature and average curvature of a certain feature point were found out firstly, and a relative maximum value of curvature of the feature point was obtained. Then, the relative maximum values of all the model points within a specified minimum radius r were obtained. Since the larger the curvature of maximum value was, the larger the crook degree of the 3-dimensioanl model surface on the point was, and the point can show the outline of the 3-dimensional model. Therefore, the maximum value was taken as the curvature description of the feature point to replace the manual pick up point, thus the feature variation of the point could be described precisely. Finally, the verification results were analyzed, and the results indicate that the improved method increases the accuracy by 37% as compared with that of traditional annotation methods. These results demonstrate that the new method is feasibility and effectiveness.

To meet the requirements of a laser firing simulation system for high speed and high accurate location of laser spot centroids, a novel method based on the video sequential images is proposed for the spot detection and spot centroid location. The method firstly detects the firing events by the subtraction image between every two sequential frames and by the estimated noise parameters. Then, it uses the noise estimation to determine the segmenting threshold of the spot and combines morphologic filtering techniques to extract the spot region out from the background, meanwhile reducing the noises inside and outside of the window. Finally, one high resolution image is generated from 4 subtraction images to decrease the image noise and computing errors and to improve the locating accuracy of the spot centroid. Experimental results indicate that the spot centroid localization precision of laser spot and the average measurement stability of the proposed method are superior to that of the conventional method. The spot centroid localization precision has been reached to sub-pixel level, and the average measurement stability is 0.000 49, far better than the conventional 0.002 97. The method in this study is conductive to improving the performance of laser firing simulation systems.