To improve the measuring accuracy of laser trackers,the geometric errors of a tracker were analyzed, and the error calibration and error correction methods for a tilted mirror in the tracker were explored. An error model for the titled mirror was established based on vector analysis and coordinate transformation, and the error correction formulation for geometric space coordinate of the tracker was deduced. Then, a high precision error calibration device was built based on a multi-mirror polygon, an adjustable reflected mirror and autocollimators. The calibration device was used to analyze the error calibration method, and the system simulations were used to research the influence of mirror tilt error on angle and coordinate measurement errors. The error calibration test shows that the mirror tilt error is 4″. The tested error was induced to the coordinate correction formulation, and the spatial length measurement errors of the system before and after correction were tested. The results indicate that the measuring error of the laser tracker decreases by about 2×10-6, which shows that the error calculation and error correction methods are effective. The method improves the measuring accuracy without changing the hardware structure of the system.

To meet the demand of the high precision correction requirements of an array detector for photo-electronic response errors, a laser flat-field system based on diffuse scattering effect of nanoparticle solution was established to generate a reference light field with a high flatness. The structure and principle of the flat-field system were introduced and some key techniques involved in the design of optical system were also given. An optical fiber was used to deliver the laser into solution efficiently to reduce the backscattering light loss on the interface. By optimizing the fibers position and structure parameters of the cavity, the utilization of light energy was improved with a stable light field uniformity. Using improved Monte Carlo method, the effect of diffuse reflector cavity on system transmission was studied numerically. Finally, a laser flat field system was established by using Polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE) materials with high reflectivity. Results show that the optimal position of the fiber depends on the cavity reflectivity. For high reflectance material, the optic port of the fiber near the cavity back can effectively enhance forward scattering. The laser flat field system provides the light field with a nonuniformity better than 0.3%, which basically meets the requirements of precision instruments for detector error correction, such as a long trace profiler.

On the basis of dual ion beam sputtering physical deposition method, a Linear Variable Filter (LVF) with a high transmittance and a high dispersion coefficient was fabricated by correction of linear gradual deposition rates. To get good quality, the linear varying trends of the two materials was matched to reduce their mismatch in film thickness correction processing. The spectral data of the LVF were obtained by the small spot method and the surface morphology and microstructure of the LVF were observed by a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Tested results show that an all-dielectric LVF with an operating range of 650-1 050 nm is obtained. In the range of 20 mm length, the center wavelength transmitted through LVF exhibits an excellent linear dependence (20 nm/mm), and the linearity error is within 5 nm along the direction of the wedge. The measured results indicate that the transmittance of the center wavelength is higher than 85%, and out-of-band transmittance is less than 0.1%. The LVF has good spectral characteristics and stability, thus can satisfy the system requirements for miniaturization, integration and stabilization.

To overcome the defects of existing electro-optical devices, the LiNbO3 with advantages of mature growth process, low prices, large refractive indexes and large electro-optical coefficients was selected as an electro-optical material, and its transverse electro-optical effect for light pass along optical axis was researched. Then, three kinds of transverse electro-optical modulators with x-cut,(xzl)45°-cut and y-cut were fabricated, and their modulation characteristics were analyzed experimentally.The results indicate that the transverse electro-optical effects that light passes along optical axis have the same electro-optical parameters, and the refractive index induced spindle position is related to the direction of electric field. The three kinds of transverse electro-optical modulators with different cut modes all show the lower zero-field leakages, their static extinction ratios exceed 1 000∶1 and the relative error of half-wave voltage between measured value and theoretical value is less than 1.7%. Under the same modulation voltage, these modulators give the same modulation depths and stable modulation characteristics. The research provides references for design of this kind of electro-optical modulation devices, and will expands their applications in optical communications and optical measurement fields.

A subwavelength porous structure for SiO2 anti-reflection coatings was fabricated on a glass substrate by dip coating method, which has a feature size of 90 nm and could be tuned the max-transmission wavelength from visible to infrared regions by different withdraw velocities. The effects of colloidal emulsion concentration and substrate lift velocity on the transmission spectrum of the subwavelength porous coating were researched and the best fabrication method for high efficiency anti-reflection in different wavelengths was explored. On the basis of effective medium theory (EMT), the optical properties of the sub-wavelength nano-porous silica antireflection coating were analyzed. The results show that the control of duty ratio of subwavelength porous structure can change the refractive index of equivalent membrane layer and can realize the high efficiency anti-reflection. The surface topography of the porous SiO2 anti-reflection coating was characterized by a scanning electron microscopy and the duty ratio of SiO2 nanometer-particles was obtained by image processing. The research results indicate that different lifting speeds will obtain corresponding equivalent coatings with different refractive indexes and different transmitting indexes in a certain range. The max-transmission efficiency through the substrate of the sub-wavelength nanometer porous silica coating is increased to 99.8%. By controlling the thickness of coating layer, the effective turning implements from visible to infrared regions, and the Nd: YAG laser damage threshold of the antireflection coating exceeds 21.74 J/cm2 at 1 064 nm.

In the process of an asphere fabricating, the part with large mapping distortion in the large caliber off-axis asphere may not be measured by an interferometer due to larger interferometric fringe density. To solve this problem, the parameter named related distortion was used to describe the mapping distortion quantitatively, and a Computer Generated Hologram(CGH) with higher freedom and stronger compensation ability was designed. By taking the mapping distortion distribution into account, the method selected a proper path and allowed all the aspheric surface to have smaller mapping distortion in the design of the CGH. With the method, a CGH with proper paths was designed for testing the 1.45 m off-axis asphere, by which the full map distortion of the system is less than that of the traditional null-lens compensator. The test experiment shows that the designed CGH can test the full map error of the off-axis asphere, which verifies the validity and practicability of the proposed CGH design method and demonstrates that designed CGH with considering test mapping distortion has solved the problem as mentioned above. By this method, the map errors of 1.45 m diameter off-axis asphere are 0.374λ PV and 0.023λ RMS now.

When pasted Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs) are used to measure bending parts, the testing results are easily affected by paste parameters. This article researches the strain transfer factors of a pasted FBG under bending parts. Firstly, a pasted FBG strain transfer model was established by theoretical analysis, and the related parameters were determined. Then, the strain transfer parameters were qualitatively analyzed by a simulated analysis method. Finally, the results of theory and simulated analysis were verified by an experimental analysis. The experiment and simulation results show that the length and the middle layer thickness of glue have dominating effects on FBG strain transfer rate under bending parts. The thickness/width of glue are secondary factors, they have a similar result for static properties, and there are small fluctuations near by 96% / 95%, respectively.When the length of glue is more than 2 times of FBG length, its static properties are obviously better than that of shorter length, and the strain transfer rate is about 95%. Moreover, the strain transfer rate of the FBG rises with the augment of middle layer thickness, sometimes even more than 100%, so it can be used to enhance the sensitization of a pasted FBG sensor. In the conclusion, the results offer a guidance for the high precision measurement of bending parts by the pasted FBGs.

This paper focuses on the imaging and stray light distribution levels of a Lyman alpha reflection coronagraph, and attempts to get a reliable stray light measurement method. A new sphere reflection coronagraph experimental device is designed and manufactured based on the design principles of coronagraphes to observe the corona radiation in Lyman alpha region when the sun is with a solar diameter (R⊙)of 1.3～2.5R⊙. The imaging resolution of the experimental device is measured. The results show that the spatial resolution of the system is 17.96 lp/mm, and in agreement with the design results. A coronagraph simulation model is established by using the Trace pro software, and the stray light distributions in the meridian direction are compared with the simulation model and the experimental device at a 0° field. By comparison, a Point Source Transmittance(PST) curve of the coronagraph experimental device is obtained, and the corresponding stray light of the device is 0.278. Moreover, the main source of stray light is also analyzed.

Parallel confocal measurement improves confocal measuring efficiency. However, the parameters of traditional optical divided devices (ODD) are fixed, which are not be suitable for different specimens. As the Digital Micromirror Device (DMD) is a flexible ODD and could produce different types of structured lights, this paper induces the DMDS into the confocal measurement system to improve the suitability of parallel confocal measurement devices. A modulation model of structured light produced by the DMD was analyzed, a confocal measurement device was constructed, and the effects of parameters of structured light from the DMD on the axial resolution, transverse resolution and the image contrast of measuring device were researched. The experiment results indicate that when the optical parameters are matched, the smaller the size of structured light is, the higher the measuring resolution is. Moreover, the DMD also could be applied as a flexible illuminator to improve the image contrast caused by a smaller structured light size. All of these researches provide a strong support for multi-scale measurement based on DMDs.

To overcome the shortcomings of the optical fiber coupling of a domestic higher power diode laser, an optical fiber coupling focusing system was designed and a 5 kW optical coupling diode laser was developed. The optical fiber coupling methods by common circle spot and diode laser squarespot were compared. For a domestic array diode laser stack, the optical quality homogenization, polarization beam bunching, multi-wavelength bunching were used to increase the energies, by which the laser can be coupled into the optical fiber with a core diameter of 800 μm and a Numerical Aperture(NA) of 0.2. Thus, the fiber coupled output power reaches 5 109 W, the fiber coupling efficiency is 85.69%, and the electro-optic conversion efficiency of overall system is 49.48%. Moreover, the power density reaches 2×105 W/cm2 when focal length is 250 mm. The laser has been used in multi-wavelength surface remelting, metal alloying, laser cladding and laser welding fields. All the parts of the laser are made in China except the optical fiber for energy transfer, so it promotes the progress of higher power domestic optical fiber coupling lasers.

To allow the ZnO nanorod arrays in new thin film solar cells to capture photons and to collect carriers effectively, a method to improve the conductivity of the ZnO nanorods and to control their optical properties was researched. Al-doped ZnO nanorod arrays were prepared by electrodeposition in aqueous solutions with Zn(NO3)2, NH4NO3 and Al(NO3)3. The experimental results indicate that the properties of ZnO nanorods such as the diameter, density and distance could be adjusted by controlling the NH4NO3 concentration in the electrolyte. The use of NH4NO3 in the solution leads to an increase of the Al/Zn weight ratio in the ZnO nanorods. By controlling the NH4NO3 concentration in the solution, the optical band gap of ZnO nanorod can be adjusted between 3.72—3.76 eV, and the optical properties of the nanorod such as the transmission, reflection and absorption can be controlled. The Stokes shift of the Al-doped ZnO nanorods was in the range of 377—449 meV, indicating the nonradiative recombination in the nanorods. Therefore the use of NH4NO3 in the electrolytes has successed in enhancing the Al doping in the ZnO nanorods and controlling their optical properties.

According to the requirements of absolute flatness detection of optical elements for rotation accuracy by using high-accuracy rotation method based on a Fizeau interferometer, a rotary error correction model was proposed to correct the rotationally asymmetric deviation in the detection. Firstly, on the theoretical basis of the classical N-step rotation average method, a mathematical expression of surface deviation was given by Zernike polynomials. Then, the Zernike coefficient was corrected according to the error caused by the rotation angle and the rotationally asymmetric deviation was corrected. Finally, the correctness of the calibration model was verified by numerical simulation method and an actual experimental test. In the conditions in rotation error of 0.1°, the simulation shows that the absolute detection error(Root Mean Square, RMS) is 10.13% by using the N-step rotation average method, and it can be promoted to 6.79% after being corrected. Moreover, the experiment shows that the detection error(RMS) is 10.28% by using the same method, and it is promoted to 5.77% after being corrected. These results demonstrate that the proposed calibration model is accurate and reliable, which improves the detection accuracy of the rotational averaging method and reduces the rotationally asymmetric deviation to the proportion of 27.2%.

This paper focuses on the fabrication of 3D micro-cavity molds. Based on micro Double-staged Laminated Object Manufacturing (DLOM) process, 3D micro-electrodes were fabricated by superimposing multilayer 2D micro-structures and they were applied to the micro Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) to obtain a 3D micro-cavity mold. Firstly, 100 μm-thick Cu foils were cut by micro-EDM to obtain multilayer 2D micro-structures and then the 2D micro-structures were connected together to fit out 3D micro-electrodes through a vacuum pressure thermal diffusion welding. Under the conditions of a voltage of 80 V, a pulse frequency of 0.2 MHz, pulse width of 800 ns and a pulse interval 4 200 ns, the 3D micro-electrodes were applied to the micro-EDM and the 3D micro-cavity mold with high surface quality and a precise shape was obtained. In order to reduce the adverse impact of electrode wear on machining precision of the 3D micro-cavity mold, the 3D queue micro-electrodes were used to process the same 3D micro-cavity mold, by which the first electrode was for rough machining and the others for fine machining. On the basis of these studies, two kinds of 3D queue micro-electrodes were fabricated and the 3D micro-cavity molds with surface roughness of 0.48 μm were obtained through the Micro-EDM. As compared with the current scanning 3D micro-EDM process, the 3D micro-cavity molds fabricated could be obtained through up and down reciprocating method of the 3D queue micro-electrodes, showing a sample machining process and higher efficiency.

For the influence of machining parameters on tool wear and tool life, a detection and control technology for the tool wear based on neural network and genetic algorithm was explored. The orthogonal experimental design method was used to carry out the plane-milling experiment of the martensitic stainless steel and a universal tool microscope was adopted to measure the tool flank wear to obtain training samples. And then, with the nonlinear mapping of BP neural network, the finite training samples were employed to formulate the prediction model of the tool wear for cutting speeds, feed per tooth, the depth of cut, and cutting time. Experimental results show that the prediction error of the proposed neural network model is no more than 5.4%. Finally, the optimal model of machining parameters was established with the objective of minimizing the tool wear. According to the wear of each generation tool parameter, the evaluation function was defined for the fitness of the individual and the genetic algorithm was skillfully developed to solve the optimal model of tool wear. In comparison with the Taguchi method, the optimal machining parameters obtained by the genetic algorithm based optimal model decrease the tool wear by 6.734%. The proposed method not only improves the calculation efficiency and precision, but also provides a basic theory for the selection of machining parameters.

To meet the demands of vehicle-born photoelectric tracking equipment for performance precision, a new support approach using three mechanical legs to support a vehicle was proposed.In the approach, two legs were mounted in the front of vehicle while one leg was mounted on the back according to the layout and weight of vehicle-born equipment. Then the mechanical analysis for the vehicle frame were conducted under three conditions, which consist of that three legs were located on the float land, only the hind leg was located on the slope and three legs were located on the slope. A finite element model was established by using the commercial software MSC.PATRAN. Under the circumstance of three-point support, the deformation simulation was carried out and the simulation results for three conditions were analyzed respectively to testify the re-orientation accuracy of the vehicle frame. Finally, an experiment was designed to examine the re-orientation accuracy of the vehicle frame practically. The experimental results show that the maximum variation of pitch angle is 0.2″ while the maximum variation of azimuth angle is 0.4″, which satisfies the requirements of re-orientation accuracy of the vehicle frame and explains the reasonability of the proposed approach.

To reduce the position error of a parallel robot caused by joint clearances, a method to compensate the joint clearance errors was proposed by optimizing the joint angular displacement parameters of drivers. For the purpose of a planar 3-RRR parallel robot system, an error model of the joint was presented and the change rules of the errors of actual lengths of links and actual joint angular displacements of drivers caused by joint clearances were obtained. According to the inverse kinematics equation, the error analysis model of system was proposed by total derivative theory. The structural errors of system caused by joint clearance errors were compensated by optimizing the joint angular displacements of drivers using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. By inducing the linear decreasing weight and the compression factor, the standard PSO algorithm was improved, and an unified expression of algorithms was derived. The results of error compensation show that the improved PSO algorithm is effective for improving the convergence performance. The trajectory errors of end-effecter using optimized joint angular displacements are decreased by 99% as compared with that of uncompensated trajectory. Obtained results demonstrate that the proposed method effectively compensates the structural errors caused by joint clearances and guarantees the position accuracy of parallel robot systems.

A sample replacement method base on the elastic force produced by the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastic membrane was established to reduce the fluid driving parts and sample consumption in the sample replacement. In the draining stage, the microvalve between sample reservoirs and cell culture pool was closed, the liquid in the cell culture pool was pumped out by using a micropump, and the elastic membrane at the top of the pool was collapsed. Once the elastic membrane was collapsed to a certain extent, the micropump and the microvalve between cell culture pool and sample waste reservoirs were closed, and the microvalve between cell culture pool and required sample reservoirs was opened immediately. The new sample would be taken into the pool by the elastic force generated from the elastic membrane bounce. The aforementioned steps were repeated several times and the sample wastes could be replaced. The main factors affecting the replacing effect, including the net pressure put on the top elastic membrane, the film thicknesses and the shape of the path from sample reservoirs to cell culture pool, were optimized according to the theoretical analysis, the finite element simulation and the experiment results. The optimal parameters are the film thickness to be 0.8 mm, the micropump flow rate 1.67 mL/min and the straight path, respectively. On the parameters mentioned above, more than 90% sample wastes are replaced within 80 s, meanwhile the sample consumption and fluid shear stress in the pool are less than 1/4 and 1/10 of the existing sample replacement system under the same replacing rate, respectively. The sample replacement method proposed shows its advantages on simple structure, low-sample/power consumption, and fewer-microchip mass, which is benefit to the miniaturization and automation of the space cell culture micro systems.

A novel vibration isolation system based on Stewart platform was designed to attenuate the vibration of space optical payloads, and the general configuration characteristics of the Stewart platform were analyzed. Firstly, the theoretical model of the vibration isolation system was developed through Newton-Euler dynamic approach.On the basis of the model, the closed form formulation was derived to calculate the stiffness matrix, damping matrix, natural frequencies and principal mode shapes of the vibration isolation system. According to the research above, an optimization method was used to optimize the structure parameters and to narrow the distribution range of the first six natural frequencies of the isolation system, then to obtain an optimal configuration of this vibration isolation system. Finally, the finite element method and the analytic method were utilized to analyze the modes of this vibration isolation system and to obtain the first six natural frequencies of the system. The analysis indicates that the maximum error is 1.51% between the two methods. In order to demonstrate the isolation effect of the vibration isolation system, the complex frequency response was analyzed, and the translation frequency response curves and the rotation frequency response curves were obtained. It is shown that the vibration attenuation rate is more than 90% when the vibration frequency is higher than 10 Hz,which verifies that the vibration isolation system meets all the isolation requirements.

This paper focuses on the structure design of liner ultrasonic motors. The mechanical model of stators with flexible clamping components was established according to the design criterion for clamps of liner ultrasonic motors. Then the influence rules of tangential and normal rigidities of the clamping components on the normal pressures and tangential friction forces of stators and actors on a contact interface were researched and analyzed by finite element software. Finally, a new type clamping method with enough tangential rigidity was put forward, and the corresponding V-shape ultrasonic motor with beam type clamp components was designed. The output performance of the designed V-shape ultrasonic motor was compared with the original V-shape liner ultrasonic motor with flexible cambered clamp components. And the results show that the maximum output force of the designed motor reaches 37 N, 1.7 times as high as that of the original motor, and the maximum no-load speed is 1.4 m/s, 4.6 times as fast as that of original one. The concludes indicate that enhancing tangential rigidity is conducive to increasing the output force and velocity of the motor. The V-shape liner ultrasonic motor with beam type clamp components has great output performance and stability.

A piezoelectric inertial rotary actuator with variable normal pressures and asymmetric grippers was designed, which driven by a asymmetric clamping piezoelectric bimorph vibrator. The motion mechanism of the piezoelectric inertial rotary actuator was analyzed, then a simulation model of the asymmetric clamping piezoelectric bimorph vibrator was established and an experimental platform was built. By both the ANSYS simulation analysis and comparison experiment, the transient response of symmetric square wave of this asymmetric clamping piezoelectric bimorph vibrator was demonstrated. The results show the asymmetric clamping piezoelectric bimorph vibrator has good inertial impact performance under a symmetric square wave. The further variable normal pressure tests on different angles and stimulation frequencies for the piezoelectric inertial rotary actuator illustrate that the return length in each step is apparently reduced when the clamping difference is 4 mm, the stimulating voltage is 30 V, the stimulation frequency is 5 Hz and the angle between the piezoelectric vibrator and the surface is 50°, by which the piezoelectric inertial rotary actuator implements a stable unidirectional rotation.

To avoid damage or drop of micro objects in the gripping processing by a piezoelectric micro-gripper, the finger displacement and gripping force of the piezoelectric micro-gripper were detected by a resistance strain gauge. A novel gripper was presented by using flexible lever magnifying mechanism. The gripper has advantages of compact structure, integrated gripper body, translational motion of fingers, and the high sensitivity of fingertips. Based on bending theory of cantilever beam and finite element method, the strain characteristics of the elastic sensitive cell of the gripper were analyzed, the conclusion shows that the maximum strain part of the sensitive cell is closed to the bottom of the finger, and the displacement and gripping force of the fingers are proportional to the strain of the elastic sensitive cell. Then, relationships between the finger displacement, gripping force and the strain of the elastic sensitive cell were calibrated by experiments. The calibrating results show that both the two relationships are linear. Finally, the actual finger displacement and gripping force of the gripper were tested, and the tested results show that when a maximal voltage of 150 V is applied to the piezoelectric actuator, the maximal displacement of finger is 78.35 μm in no-load condition, and the gripping force of the fingers is 9.24 μN for holding a micro shaft with Φ0.3 mm and length of 8 mm.

For a SiC mirror with larger thermal expansion coefficients, a passive support system for light-weighted SiC primary mirror with thermal decoupling ability was designed by combing a A-Frame flexible tangential rod lateral support structure and a mechanical Whiffletree axial support structure. To obtain the effects of the A-Frame flexible tangential rod lateral support structure on the primary mirror surface, thermal decoupling and the stiffness of the support system, the support effect of the support system was analyzed by using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) with ANSYS. And actual support system was also tested. The tested results show that the distortion error change(RMS) of primary mirror caused by the support structure is less than 13 nm in horizontal and vertical states. The worst mirror surface error change(RMS) is 1.9 nm at the ambient temperature from 14℃ to 23℃ in a laboratory. The dynamic properties of the support system including mirror are also tested. The first natural frequency of support system is 52.7 Hz and the same analyzed result is 63.0 Hz in theory. Moreover, the first six vibration modals are consistent well in both theoretical and experimental results. Finally, it concludes that this support system has excellent support effect and shows both good stiffness and thermal decoupling capability.

Some resonant peaks in the frequency response curve of a hydrophone usually appear at the resonant frequencies of the sound-transparent cap, which make the frequency response curve distorted and the working band narrowed. Thereby, it is necessary to forecast the resonant frequencies of the sound-transparent cap accurately. According to the working environment of a MEMS Hydrophone, this paper analyzes the resonant frequencies of the sound-transparent cap based on the Fluid-Structure Interaction(FSI). Firstly, the effect of fluid action on the FSI of the sound-transparent cap was analyzed in theory, and it shows that the resonant frequencies of the sound-transparent cap will be lowered by the fluid action.Then, the vacuum mode and coupling mode of the chip and sound-transparent cap were simulated by LMS V irtual.lab, respectively. Finally, the MEMS vector hydrophones with and without sound-transparent cap packaging were tested in a shaking table and a standing wave tube to verify the above analysis. The results indicate that the actual first-order resonant frequency of sound-transparent cap in water is 550 Hz, which is the same as the simulation and makes the working frequency band of hydrophone narrowed. The results show that the research on coupling modal analysis of sound-transparent cap and predicting the properties of the hydrophone accurately would provide the guarantee for further optimization and improvement of the hydrophones.

In consideration of the effects of input beam jitter and satellite micro vibration on the tracking precision of a space optical communication system, a fuzzy active disturbance rejection controller is designed and a control method for the fine tracking system in optical communication is proposed. Firstly, a fine tracking system model is established, the internal and external disturbances of the system are analyzed and the satellite vibration signals are simulated. Then, focused on the uncertainties of system disturbance and input optical signals, the fuzzy active disturbance rejection controller is designed. The proposed method observes satellite vibration and unmodelled dynamics of the system by an extended state observer and uses a differential tracker to improve the dynamic response performance of the system. Then it utilizes fuzzy control theory to improve the nonlinear state error control law, by which the system can adjust adaptively proportion and differential gains. Finally, the experiments analysis are performed and compared with PID control method. It shows that the fuzzy active disturbance rejection control method improves the system tracking accuracy under the input signals with different frequencies and amplitudes, the tracking accuracy has reached to ±8 μrad, and the tracking error reduces about 50 percent. This method basically meets the requirements of tracking systems of optical communication for tracking speeds,tracking accuracy and antijamming capability.

A novel method based on a ball bar to measure the thermal errors of machine tool spindles was proposed to compensate the thermal error of 5-axis Computer Numerical Control(CNC) machine tools. With the help of the movements of the two rotational axes, the volumetric paths comprised of two orthogonal circles or arcs were measured by the ball bar. The least square method was used to process the measurement data to obtain the volumetric positions of the machine tool spindles. Through frequently testing with this method at certain intervals, the thermal errors of machine tool spindles could be calculated, including 1 axial elongation and 2 radial thermal errors. To explain this method, a 5-axis CNC machine tool with a titling rotary table was taken as an example to elaborate the installation, measurement procedure and the identification principle. Finally, a contrast experiment was conducted with the 5-point method mentioned in ISO 230-3. The result shows that measurement results of the presented method are consistent with those of 5-point method mentioned in ISO 230-3 and the mean relative deviation of the two methods is less than 15.8%, which verifies the feasibility and reliability of the presented method. The equipment is concise, portable, and easy to install. Moreover, the obtained results could be used for thermal error compensation of spindles to improve the machining precision of 5-axis machine tools.

To solve the influences of time delay between Inertial Measurement Unit(IMU) data on measuring accuracy in the attitude matching measurement of ship deformation, a time delay estimation method was established. Firstly, the ship deformation data measured by optical devices were proposed to confirm a mathematic model of ship deformation process. Then the local attitude information from high-accuracy master-Inertial Navigation Sytem(INS) and slaver-INS was used to match the inertia and Kalman filter equations were used to estimate the ship deformation. Moreover, the time delay parameters were added into the Kalman filter to estimate and compensate the time delay. Finally, an IMU data synchronous read device was designed to verify the effectiveness of proposed algorithm. Experimental results show that compensation results by IMU data synchronous read device and the algorithmic are similar to optical measurement data, and the pitch errors, rolling errors and the heading errors are 13″, 12″ and 5″, respectively. These results demonstrate that the Kalman filter estimates the time delay effectively, compensates the time delay and improves the measurement accuracy of ship deformation.

To improve the stability and reliability of the rotated spark switch system in a high power Transversely Excited Atmospheric(TEA) CO2 laser and to reduce the volume and weight of a trigger system for the rotated spark switch, this paper induces the series resonant charging technology into the trigger system. A high-frequency high-voltage charging power supply consisting of a full bridge inverter circuit and a series resonant soft switch circuit is developed. The charging power supply is taken as a trigger system for the rotated spark switch and offers a output voltage greater than 38 kV and a output power of 2 kV. In this system, the full bridge inverter circuits consist of Intelligent Power Models(IPMs), and the MSP430 is used to control the frequency, pulse width and the number of pulses for IPM driving signals. After full-bridge inverter circuit and series-resonant circuit get the pulse signals, it will charge for a high voltage capacitor by increasing the voltage and rectifying for a high-voltage pulse transformer. When the voltage reaches the hold-voltage of spark switching, the capatior discharges. The results suggest that the system can continuously and stably trigger the rotated spark switch when the Pulse Repetition Frequency(PRF) is 500 Hz. As a result, the system enhances the stability and reliability of triggering rotated spark switch and reduces the volume and weight of the system by 1/2 that of a pulse trigger system.

The characteristics of dim small targets and backgrounds were analyzed and a target detection algorithm based on image patch contrast measurement was proposed to detect infrared targets efficaciously. The Image Patch Maximum Contrast Measurement( IPMCM) at a large scale was used to obtain a saliency map and the region of interest was segmented by an adaptive threshold. Then, the image patch least-contrast measurement maps at the multiscale were computed and the maximum pooling operation was operated. Finally, the target position was detected by the adaptive threshold accurately. The detection algorithm for small infrared targets was presented and its efficacy was analyzed theoretically. The verification and contrast experiments were conducted. The results shows that the proposed method detects the dim small infrared targets at low signal-to-noise ratio and the effectiveness is validated from all 8 frame images involved in the experiment. As compared with the local probability analysis, median filtering, and Top-Hat method, the proposed method in the target detection performance contrast test shows the highest detection rate and the lowest false alarm rate.

On the basis of multi-class and nonlinear characteristics of hyperspectral remote sensing image database, this paper assumes that hyperspectral remote sensing database have a bundle manifold structure property and proposes a Semi-supervised Bundle Manifold Learning (SSBML) algorithm to effectively extract the discriminant characteristics of hyperspectral remote sensing image. The algorithm uses labeled samples and unlabeled samples to construct two neighborhood graphs to maintain a “whole” structure (the relationship between the various sub-manifolds) of bundle manifold in the data set and the intrinsic structure characteristics in each sub-manifold. By which, it achieves semi-supervised bundle manifold learning. The experimental results on Kennedy Space Center(KSC) and PaviaU hyperspectral database show that the algorithm efficiently discovers the subtle characteristics of the bundle manifold structure in hyperspectral remote sensing database, and enhances the classification accuracy of hyperspectral remote sensing images. For the overall classification accuracy, this algorithm is improved by 2.9%—15.7% as compared with those of Locality Preserving Projection(LPP) and Neighborhood Preserving Embedding(NPE) algorithm based on single-manifold assumptions, and increased by 2.6%—12.4% as compared with those of the Semi-Supervised Maximum Margin Criterion (SSMMC)and the Semi-Supervised Sub-Manifold Preserving Embedding(SSSMPE ) based on semi-supervised algorithms.

In consideration of the effect of stability of star tracking processing on its overall performance, how to track the stars in the current visual field according to the star information identified in the previous moment is discussed. To obtain a higher stability in star tracking, the advantages and disadvantages of existing star tracking algorithms are analyzed, and the method of "sorting before bidirectional selective rule out matching" is proposed. The first step selects the effective reference star on the basis of determining the marginal area of the FOV(Field of View), which effectively reduces the probability of mismatching and ensures the validity of matching. Following that it uses bidirectional recurrence idea to obtain the successful matching capacity that “there are more observation stars within the neighborhood of the reference star”, so as to increase the number of stars successfully tracked in each frame of rapid star tracking. A tracking experiment was performed in a outdoor field for a star sensor. The comparison experiments on start tracking in 100 directions generated by Monte Carlo method show that when the attitude movement has a very large angular velocity, the proposed method can achieve about 91.44％ fast star tracking. However, it just is 77.18％ by other traditional methods. The proposed method has a significance to improve the overall performance of the star sensor.

An adaptive edit propagation method based on facial priors was proposed to achieve natural relighting effect of a portrait in a complex background using a single reference face. Firstly, the facial region of a reference image and the background region of a target were combined, and an edge-preserving smoothing filter was used to extract the illumination information from the combined image. Then a new edit propagation model adaptively changed with facial parameters was constructed to generate an illumination template by propagating the illumination from the facial region to the background. Finally, the illumination template and the target were multiplied in the luminance channel to achieve the relighting effect. The quantitative experiments in YaleB database show that there are averagely over 85% pixels (normalized to \[0,255\]) in a relighting effect face, whose intensity differences are less than 6 comparing with the ground true. As compared with other methods, the relighting effects of proposed method are more consistency. The conclusion shows that the proposed method achieves reliable and natural face relighting effect on portraits with different genders and backgrounds.

An improved motion vector estimation algorithm was proposed to remove effectively the inter frame jitter of the video sequences recorded by airborne imaging equipment and to realize the electronic image stability. The BRISK operator and the corresponding feature extraction model were introduced. Then, the BRISK operator was employed to extract and match the stable feature points of neighbor frames. By combining with the affine transformation motion model, the rough estimation of inter frame motion vectors was implemented. To improve the accuracy of motion vector estimation, the particle filter with the weighted least-square method was employed to solve the problem of the motion vector calculation inaccuracy caused by different depths of the feature points. Finally, the Kalman filter was used to separate the jitter components from the global motion vectors for compensating the video sequences frame by frame. The experimental result indicates that the inter-frame transformation fidelity (ITF) of video sequence has improved about 3 db, which verifies that the proposed stabilized algorithm removes inter-frame jitter of high frequency under complicated movement with fast speed, higher accuracy and stronger robustness.

Imaging processing for single color hazing images was researched. Since the current methods could not recover the kind of images with the scene depth changing fiercely, a single color image dehazing algorithm was introduced on the basis of the atmosphere attenuate model and the variational partial differential equation. In this method, the median set operator in morphology was used to construct local white balance operator and to estimate the atmospherical optical parameters precisely. Then, a novel smoothness measure norm was designed to build up a variational energy model of the target image based on the total variation theory. In addition, the model was converted from partial differential equation into the Euler-Lagrange equation. Finally, the alternate semi-quadratic algorithm was used to solve the Euler-Lagrange equation, by which the operation speed of the algorithm was improved to be at 105 ms. The means of image entropy and average gradient were taken as the evaluation indexes, and simulation results show that proposed method triggers an increase by 60% in operation performance while other control groups keep the improvement in 15% to 30%. This method improves the local region obviously and reaches the application requirement.

The intensity-based local feature matching methods are sensitive to image contrast variations, so the performance declines significantly when they are applied in multimodal image registration. To solve the above problem, a multimodality robust local feature descriptor was proposed and the corresponding feature matching method was developed. Firstly, an extraction method for the multimodality robust corner and line segment was proposed based on the phase congruency and local direction information insensitive to contrast variants. Compared with intensity-based method, more equivalent corners and line segments were extracted between multimodal images with more contrast differences. Then, the feature region containing of 48 circular sub-regions was selected by using the corner for a center and the 96 dimensional feature vectors were generated by using the distance values of corners and the length values of line segments located in feature sub-regions. Finally, the feature matching method based on normalized correlation function was proposed and the location constraint-based RANdom SAmple Consensus(RANSAC) algorithm was used to remove false matching point pairs. The experimental results indicate that the precision and repeatability on multimodal image matching of the proposed method reach 80% and 13% respectively. As compared with the other intensity-based image matching methods, the precision and repeatability of proposed method are 2-4 times and 4-7 times respectively those of Symmetric-Scale Invariable Feature Transformation(S-SIFT) and Multimodal-Speeded-up Robust Features(MM-SURF). It concludes that the proposed method outperforms many state-of-the-art methods significantly.

To precisely measure the Modulation Transfer Function(MTF) of a space camera at the Nyquist frequency before entering orbit, measuring methods were researched and some experiments for measuring the MTF at the Nyquist frequency were carried out. The schematic diagram of the MTF measurement was given. On the basis of the schematic diagram, the transfer process of a square wave target at Nyquist frequency in whole chain and the contrast ratio model of a terminal target image were investigated. Furthermore, the relationship between the contrast ratio of terminal target image and the MTF at Nyquist frequency and the error formation were given. Finally, the MTF at Nyquist frequency of the camera was measured in a vacuum environment and the obtained results were corrected. The result shows that the MTF of a space camera at Nyquis frequency is 0.213 at a lab condition, and that after the optical system in the camera architecture is 0.602 by conversion. Moreover, the MTF after Time Delay and Integration(TDICCD) is calculated as 0.946, which is close to the theoretical value. These results indicate that the derivation of our method is basically precise, and is capable of satisfying the requirement of space optical cameras for the MTF measurement before entering orbit.

An optimizing design idea for optical remote sensing imaging systems based on restoration processing was proposed. The main imaging-chain components effecting restoration processing performance were explored by theoretical analyzed, semi-physical simulation experiments and orthogonal experiments. According to deducing a mathematical model of restoration problems, it points out in theory that the main factors impacting the restoration performance are the imaging system Modulation Transfer Function space-variant (MTFSV), data compression ratio (CR) and nonuniformity correction error (NCR). Then, the restoration distortions that effect the interpretation capability of images owing to the above factors were analyzed by using a semi-physical imaging platform and simulation experiments. Finally, the relationship between restoration performance and the above metrics was established by using combined mathematics and an orthogonal experiment for the restored images with multilevel MTFSV, CR and NCR. Experimental results indicate that the restoration performs well in a quite low MTF value at Nyquist frequency (only 0.07), the MTFSV is less than 10%, CR less than 4∶1 and the NCR is no more than 3%, which not only implements the MTF area more than 70% but also keeps Signal to Noise Ratio(SNR) invariant and achieves available image quality for the interpretation as well.