The feasibility to measure the inner diameter and wall thickness of a micro-capillary by using digital holographic tomography was explored. As the micro-capillary had an ideal cylindrically symmetric structure, the single reconstructed data under zero incidence angle were used to simulate all measured field data under different angles. A tomography was performed for the micro-capillary by a filtered back-projection algorithm and a Fourier diffraction algorithm respectively to reconstruct the 3-D map of refractive index. According to the 3-D distribution of refractive index, the size of inner diameter and wall thickness of micro-capillary were obtained by the related edge detection algorithm of image processing. Experimental results show that diffraction tomography based on the Rytov approximation can better response the dimensions of the micro-capillary than the filtered back-projection reconstruction algorithm for tiny weakly-diffracting objects under the condition of reasonable light path environment of the hologram recording. It proves that the digital holographic tomography can measure the inner diameter and wall thickness of the micro-capillary exactly and can provide a new way for the nondestructive measurement of tiny weakly-diffracting objects.

It is necessary to optimize operable factors in measurement of pulverized coal flow by Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy(LIBS). Therefore, this paper investigated the effects of three main operable factors, irradiance, integration delay time and the rate of flow per unit area on the measurement of pulverized coal flow by LIBS based on orthogonal experiments. Pulverized coal was chosen for the experimental sample and the statistic analysis and variance analysis were performed. Experiment indicates that the irradiance and integration delay time are two remarkable factors for the effective excitation rate and the following is the rate of flow per unit area. The optimum parameters of control from the experiment are the irradiance of 9.4×1011 W/cm2 , the integration delay time of 1 500 ns, and the rate of flow is selected reasonably based on economy principles. The results obtained demonstrate that the method can direct the practical measurement of pulverized coal flows in real time.

A high-precision method was investigated to realize the geometric calibration of half-cover scanning in circular cone-beam Computed Tomography (CT). First, projected areas of steel balls were segmented from the background by using the Otsu′s method, and the mass centers of balls were calculated. Then, the elliptic functions for mass centers were fitted by the least-square algorithm, and the rotation angle of detector was determined by Cho′s geometric calibration method for circular scanning. Finally, the rotated mass centers were fitted as two ellipses, and the rest geometric parameters except the tilted angle of detector were calculated by using Noo′s geometric calibration method for circular scanning. Experimental results indicate that the measuring precisions of rotation angle and skew angle for the detector are 0.02 °and 0.01°,respectively, the measuring precisions of source-detector-distance and source-object-distance are 0.05 mm and 0.01 mm, respectively; and the calculating precisions of orthogonal projection coordinates of source are 0.07 mm and 0.15 mm. The proposed method depress the geometric artifacts significantly, and can satisfy the demands of high-precision image reconstruction.

As the mechanical scratching of diffraction gratings still depends on the experiences of operators, it gives poor grooved quality and can not be pre-controlled. This paper proposes a diffraction grating production method: film classification test engraving method based on an aluminum thin film deposition process status quo, and reveals the microstructure and mechanical properties of different thin film samples based on X-ray Diffraction(XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and nanoindentation experiments. The study results show that the grating ruling can be approximately equivalent to a wedge under the pressure of the process, so that the slip-line field can be used to obtain the solution analytically and carve the slot on time trial for the “low elastic modulus class” film. Moreover, the finite element simulation can be used to pre-control the slot for “elastoplastic class”. The method can implement the pre-classification of the films, and can determine the tool processing parameters for different types of films with different methods. Futhermore, a near-perfect trough is scratched. Experiments show that the time-consuming and pre-engraving test times are reduced and the graving quality and efficiency are improved. The method lays the foundation for improving the characteristics of more sophisticated gratings.

In order to obtain the generating law of background fringes in the video of a scanning CCD camera induced by repetitive pulse lasers, a mathematic model describing fringes induced by repetitive square pulse lasers is established. In this model, the relation of camera parameters including stage number of time delay integrations, integration time of one stage as well as laser pulse width and laser repetitive period can be used to estimate whether the fringes appear or not and to calculate what is the dimensions of fringes, in which the precision of calculation is 1 pixel. An experiment is performed by using repetitive picosecond pulse lasers and a fluorescent lamp to irradiate the scanning CCD camera respectively, and the results validate the correction of estimation and calculation based on the model. Finally, combing the intensity relation of background light and scattered laser with the model, the visibility expression of fringes is given, which is also validated in the experiment.

A multi-channel Phase Diversity(PD) processing method is designed aiming at some practical problems of the no-common path static aberration calibration in an Adaptive Optics (AO) system. The method could be used to measure the aberration between the first image plane and the imaging CCD focused plane without changing the optical path. Compared with a traditional double-channel PD detector, the multi-channel PD method has stronger restriction to the calculation of wave front. So it has more endurance for the form of object source, much accuracy for wavefront calculation and more measuring ranges. The method has been used to measure the no-common path aberration of AO system in a 1.23 m telescope, and a good measuring result is obtained. The obtained result is taken as the offset of a Deformable Mirror(DM) to redress the static aberration, and the image resolution becomes much better.

It is a key problem to calculate the rotation angles of the two prisms through the required pointing position of beams when a rotational double prism beam steering system is used to control the direction of optical beams (named inverse problem). This paper explores the entire analytical solutions of the reverse problem for the rotational double prism beam steering system by employing a first-order paraxial approximation method and a non paraxial ray tracing method. First, the centering algorithm is adopted to analyze the approximate solutions of the reverse problem based on first-order paraxial theory. Then, the nonparaxial ray is traced in the system based on Snell's law with the vector form and a two-step algorithm is applied to calculation of the accurate solutions of the inverse problem. The difference of the inverse solutions calculated with the two methods is analyzed and an experiment is designed to compare and validate the solutions. The results indicate that there are two reverse solutions for an required beam pointing position. Relative to the first-order paraxial approximation method, the reverse solutions derived from the nonparaxial ray tracing method are more accurate. For the rotational double prism beam steering system with large beam deviation, the nonparaxial ray tracing method has a potent effect on calculation of accurate reverse solutions.

To measure the dynamic deformation and slope of an object surface, this paper proposed a shearing speckle interferometry with a spatial carrier frequency generated by double-apertures. In this method, a double-aperture mask was used to generate a spatial carrier, a rotating wedge pair was utilized to adjust the shear continuously and the sinusoidal-fitting algorithm was taken to calculate the phase distribution. This paper firstly derivated the relationship between the carrier phase and the separation of double apertures and also imaging distance. Then, the experimental condition to generate adjustable lateral shear was discussed based on the ratable wedge pair. Finally, the parameter of this measuring method was analyzed. To produce a π/2 carrier frequency, it suggested that the separation of double aperture was selected as 3.8 mm when the focus length of the imaging lens and object distance were 300 mm and 80 mm, respectively. A stress release plate after centre loading was measured, and the experimental results demonstrate that this measuring system can obtain the information of deformation in real time under the capturing rate of 15 frame/s and the measurable range of displacement peak value is from 0.11 to 1.15 μm. This approach yields simple and compact optical implementation and allows a real time detection for dynamic deformation.

An electric energy harvesting circuit was designed for microbial fuel cells. Because of the account of the low output of the microbial fuel cell( about 0.5 mW), it was inadequate to drive the load or the boosted circuit. Therefore, this paper employed a charge pump to harvest the electric energy of the microbial fuel cell and stored it in a super-capacitor as the starting voltage. A super capacitor was taken as the energy storage component, then, the voltage was transferred to the needed value. An electronic switch was designed between the charge pump and the boost circuit, which could switch on and off automatically according to the setting threshold. Experimental results indicate that the circuit can operate at the input of 0.3 V, 0.5 mA. The electronic switch is closed at 2.2 V and opened at 1.6 V, and the charge-discharge in circulation is implemented automatically with a charge speed in direct proportion to the input voltage and indirect proportion to the energy storage capacitor. Furthermore, the final voltage is boosted to 3.3 V or 5 V, which can be changed on the basis of loads. In conclusion, the circuit satisfies the microbial fuel cell requirement of low power input. It can harvest the electrical energy generated from the sewage disposal, and can supply power for a water measurement system in outdoor with an intermittence.

To achieve a non-destructive measurement of stability of a dental implant accurately, a three-dimensional finite element analysis method was used to explore the feasibility to measure the stability of the dental implant by Surface Acoustic Wave(SAW) devices. First, a theoretical model related to the resonant frequencies of SAW devices and the torque under a shear stress gradient field were researched. And then, harmonic responses about the changes of resonant frequencies of the SAW devices under the gradient shear stress field were analyzed by using ANSYS finite element software. Finally, the theoretical model and simulation results were compared. The results show that the resonant frequencies of the SAW devices are in proportion with the maximum shear stress, though there is a 3% deviation between the theory and the simulation results. Also, there is a linear relationship between the torque and the resonance frequencies of the SAW devices. Therefore, the measurement of micro torque of the implant is theoretically feasible by SAW devices, consequently the stability detection of the dental implant can be achieved.

For the underwater vehicle trajectory tracking with strong nonlinearity and large pitch angle movement, a class of nonlinear adaptive control schemes were proposed in this paper. Firstly, the nonlinear movement model was adopted directly , a saturation function was induced in the process of controller design, and the assumption limit that the pitch angle was a small-angle was broken through the Maclaurin expansion formula. Then, taking into account that the precise nonlinear motion model of the vehicle was difficult to establish and there were many modeling errors in the actual vehicle model, the online adaptive method was used to approximate the nonlinear model. Finally, a nonlinear adaptive controller was designed by using Backstepping method, and its stability was proved by Lyapunov's theory. The hardware-in-the-loop simulation results show that the tracking errors of all three types of tracks given in the paper are less than 0.5 m, the pitch rudder partials are less than 15°,and the pitch moments are within 105 N·m order of magnitude in consideration of measurement noises and parameter uncertainties, These results prove that the control algorithm in this article has a strong robustness and can meet the requirement of tracking performance.

As the measuring accuracy of a light open 3D vision coordinate measuring system depends on the accurate center position of a probe tip, this paper proposed a novel and simple approach based on the model of measuring system for calibrating the center position of probe tip for the light pen. Based on position invariant principle, the objective function was established according to the control point information of every image. Then, the general inverse method for least square solution of nonlinear multivariable equations was employed to solve the object function and to obtain the center position of probe tip. Finally, average theory was used to improve the stability and convergence speed and to implement the calibration with a reference standard cone. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Under a satisfied convergence speed, the repeatability of the system reaches 0.033, 0.030 and 0.043 mm in x, y and z axes, respectively. A comparison on the measured circle diameter of a workpiece and a reference shows that the system measurement accuracy has met medium precision industrial measurement requirements with the calibrated probe tip center.

To improve the resolving limit of a micromachined gyroscope, a sensing interface model for the micromachined gyroscope fabricated by Silicon on Insulator(SOI) process was established, and a matching front-end was designed. Firstly, a RC lumped parameter model for the gyroscope was established based on the practical gyroscope structure, then a noise model for the sensing interface was built. The dominant noise source and methods to improve the resolving limit were analyzed. Finally, on the foundation of a TIA front-end, an improved T-network front-end was designed to match the sensing interface. Experimental results indicate that the T-network front-end improves the sensing interface equivalent input noise current from 1.18 pA/√Hz to 0.27 pA/√Hz, corresponding to a capacitive resolution of 0.62 aF/√Hz as compared to those of the transimpedance front-end. It suggests that the improved T-network front-end can reach a better resolution.

To meet the requirements of X-ray Inteferometric Lithography (XIL) beamline of Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility for slit precision, an Ultra High Vacuum(UHV) four-knife precision slit structure and a cooling scheme were proposed. First, the structural principle of the four-knife precision slit structure was analyzed. The movements of the slits were controlled by linear drive devices independently, and their enclosures were achieved though the precision linear guides. Then, a cooling scheme was designed according to the characteristics of XIL beamline and the thermo-mechanical coupling was analyzed to verify whether the cooling scheme was reasonable. Furthermore, the precision indexes of slits were tested. The results indicate that the movement resolution and repeatability of the slit knife are better than 0.1 μm and 2 μm, respectively, the straightness and parallelism of the knife are better than 2.5 μm and 0.5 mrad, respectively. It can also realize the opening of slits by only -5~250 μm in both horizontal and vertical directions. Moreover, the maximum thermal deformation under the thermal load is controlled under 0.034 μm. These results verify that the four-knife precision slit structure has a very high accuracy and stability, and meets the requirement of XIL beamline. By proposed slit structure and scheme, the etching line structure of 100 nm periodicity has been achieved.

A micro-fabrication method for thin nickel plates was explored by Wire-cut Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM).A series of experiments of WEDM for the meso-scale structure of a thin nickel plate with a thickness of 0.6 mm were carried out. Then, a trial cutting test was performed using existing machining parameters in the machine, and the dimensional accuracy and surface quality of the thin nickel plate after cutting were measured and analyzed. On that basis, the machining process was improved by changing the discharge energy, flushing pressure and the cutting speed. The method of multiple cutting within a 200 μm narrow slit was discussed as well, and reasonable optimization and merger for cutting times were carried out. Experimental results indicate that the WEDM can cut the meso-scale structure with a thickness less than that of machine original setting in steady for the thin nickel plate. The surface quality can be improved after multiple cutting for the 200 μm narrow slit, and the final surface roughness Ra is 0.54 μm after fifth cutting. With the machining surface quality guaranteed, the final surface roughness Ra is 0.62 μm when the cutting times are merged from 5 into 3, by which the machining time is shortened by 30%.The method proposed can also apply to meso-scale structures of other materials.

To calibrate quickly key parameters of a small angle neutron scattering spectrometer, such as selecting neutron wavelengths, wavelength resolution , and the Q resolution under a geometrical layout of the spectrometer, the experiment data of small angle neutron scattering for silver behenate powder were fitted. First, the geometrical layout of spectrometer was chosen including the size of circular source,sample apertures of the collimator, the source-to-sample distance and the sample-to-detector distance. Then, the spectra of small angle neutron scattering on silver behenate were obtained under four different revolving speeds of mechanical velocity selector. Finally, these experiment data were inversed and analyzed. Obtained results show that the velocity selector constant is 2 329.2 r·m-1·nm, correspondingly, four different selecting neutron wavelengths are 0.776、0.582、0.466、0.388 nm, respectively. The wavelength resolution of the velocity selector is 23.75% by fitting these experiment data and the spectrometer Q resolution curves can be obtained by using the chosen layout parameter and different rotating speeds. It concludes that the key parameters of small angle neutron scattering spectrometer can be achieved by using silver behenate, which supports the exact analysis and inversion for experiment data of small angle neutron scattering.

Two kinds of auxiliary templates, involute template and helix template, were developed to remedy the shortages of Portable Coordinate Measuring Machines (PCMMs) in sampling strategy and evolution method for large gear measurement. By using the templates to mark the measurement points of tooth profiles and spiral lines on the gear flanks, the experimental research were performed on the position repeatability measurement of the gear. An Articulated Arm Coordinate Measuring Machine (AACMM) and a Laser Tracker Measuring System (LTMS) were used to measure the gear standard with an outside diameter of 1 m. All the measurement data were evaluated by a software INVOLUTE Pro, and the measurement uncertainties of profile and helix were obtained. The result demonstrates that the AACMM is more precise than LTMS based on above method and the maximum deviation is 8.16 μm as compared to the calibration values. The experimental results verify the validity and feasibility of the method, and provide the basis for the application of large gear measurement using PCMMs.

To know the effect of friction on the frequency response of Scanning Mirror System(SMS) in an aerial camera and to provide a model for describing the real dynamic of the SMS more exactly, the random phase multi-sine exciting signal was used to detect the feature of frequency response of the SMS and to identify a linear approximate parameter model. Firstly, the experiment setup for SMS identification was introduced and the exiting signal was selected. Then, the odd-odd frequency random phase multi-sine signal was used to measure the dependence of output of system at the non-exited frequency and exited frequency on the input signal, and to evaluate the nonlinear effect of friction quantitatively. Finally, an estimation method based on the sample mean value of signal and sample noise (co-)variances was used to identify the linear approximate parameter model of SMS. The experimental results indicate that the friction nonlinearity in the SMS is mainly located at the odd frequency, 10 dB above the noise. The frequency response of SMS varies under the different amplitudes of input signal, and the difference is obvious especially below 20 rad/s. Because of the effect of friction, the SMS should be described by a 3-order parameter model. Compared with sine-swept method, the parameter model based on multi-sine signal is better in describing the real dynamic feature of the SMS. Obtained results can provide the base for designing of controllers.

Applications of a soft X-ray double frequency grating shearing interferometer to laser plasma diagnostics were explored by using a soft X-ray double frequency grating as the shearing interferometric element. To improve the success rate of experiment, this paper analyzed the line parallelism and diffraction efficiency of the double frequency grating. On the basis of the relationship between the line parallelism of the double frequency grating and the interferogram of shearing interferometer, it calculated the technical requirements of line parallelism of the grating. The fabrication method was described, the line parallelism of the grating was realized with the diffraction spot position monitoring, and the moiré fringe method was applied in line parallelism judgment for the grating. A double frequency grating with line parallelism less than 0.01° was fabricated. The two groups of diffraction efficiencies of -1 order for the grating were examined in spectral radiation standard and metrology beamline of Hefei National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, and the results show both of them are over 10% at 13.9 nm. A shearing interferometer was set up for dense plasma diagnostics, whose results demonstrate that the parallelism and diffraction efficiency of the double-frequency grating can meet the experimental requirements.

With the purpose of reducing the tool wear in a diamond cutting operation of ferrous metals and improving the machined surface quality and machining precision, the tool wear mechanism was studied. Experiments of the frictional wear between diamond and steel were performed to imitate the tool wear process in a practical diamond cutting. The wear morphology of workpiece surface, the changes in chemical composition of work samples, and the transformation of crystal structure of diamond specimens were detected by the Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM),X-ray Energy Spectrometer(EDS)and the Raman Spectroscopy(RS).Then , the graphitized degree of diamond was proposed as a criterion for assessing diamond wear in tests. The experimental results reveal that the wear of diamond relies heavily on mechanical forces and temperatures, and less on the sliding speeds and carbon contents of materials in the test. The wear mechanisms of diamond in this frictional wear experiment include graphitization, diffusion wear and oxidation wear, and the graphitization is found to be the dominant wear mechanism for diamond wear. In addition, the graphitized degree increases up to 83% with temperature rising of 15%. In conclusion,the tool wear mechanism should be considered comprehensively in condition of thermal-force coupling for further exploring technological measures with respect to reduce the tool wear.

A new scheme of obstacle avoidance based on the self-motion of a null space was proposed to control 7-degree-of-freedom(DOF) redundant manipulators. By introducing an arm plane and an obstacle avoidance plane, the representation of the null space motion was parameterized. Based on this formulation, the collisions were detected by the artificial potential field method . With computing virtual repulsion forces, an equation of the null space motion was derived. Then, the inverse dynamics control with an inner position loop was modified to allow the manipulators to show physical meaningful behaviors of a mass-damper system, by which the control of end-effector motion and the obstacle avoidance of manipulator could be achieved at the same time. An experiment on a self-servicing experimental platform was carried out to demonstrate the performance of the proposed scheme. The experimental results show that the closest distance between the manipulator and the obstacle is greater than 40 mm, the dynamic error of the end-effector position is less than 10 mm, and the steady-state error is less than 2 mm. These results indicate that the proposed scheme realizes the obstacle avoidance by proper behaviors of the null space motion, and minimizes the effect on the end-effector during the avoidance.

For the requirements of the mirror in a large-aperture spaceborne telescope for lightweight , a web-skin-typed ground structure based topology optimization method was presented for the configuration design of large-aperture mirror. Based on the idea of topology optimization, the ground structure in this method was restricted to be a web-skin-type structure composed of a surface (skin) stiffened by webs, and the change of the configuration was described by whether webs or parts of the webs were deleted from the ground structure or not. Firstly, the web-skin-type ground structure was discreted with shell elements, the relative densities of all the elements on the webs were taken as design variables (the relative density was taken as 1 or 0 to describe whether the webs or parts of webs were kept or not).Then, by using optical aberration of the mirror in the load case of vertical optical axis as a design restraint, and the total weight of the structure as a optimized target, a topology optimization model was established. Furthermore, the concept configuration based on the structure obtained by topology optimization was extracted. Finally, the dynamic and static stiffnesses and optical performance of the mirror were analyzed using the finite element method, the mirror configuration was modified, and a lightweight mirror structural innovation configuration was obtained. It shows that the optical aberration PV and RMS of the mirror obtained by the design example are less than λ/10 and λ/40, respectively, the fundamental frequency is greater than 1 000 Hz and the lightweight ratio reaches 86.0%. The results demonstrate the validity of the proposed approach properly.

On the basis of a macro-micro dual driven method, a solution for the large stroke 2-DOF nano-positioning stage with angle error correction functions is proposed to reduce the measurement errors in a precision measurement system caused by positioning and angular errors of the stage. Firstly, the principle of the solution is demonstrated. In this solution, the macro stage and micro stage share the same position feedback systems to form a closed loop control, and both linear positioning errors and angle errors of macro stage are compensated with the help of a 6-DOF micro stage based on a piezoelectric ceramic actuator and a flexible hinge. Then, the macro stage and micro stage are designed and manufactured based on the solution. Finally, the performance of the 2-DOF nano-positioning stage with error correction functions are tested preliminarily. Experimental result indicates that the stroke of the 2-DOF nano-positioning stage reaches 200 mm×200 mm. With the correction of the micro stage under the closed-loop control, all of the angle errors of the stage are reduced from hundreds of seconds to less than 10″, and the positioning error is reduced from 3 μm to less than 25 nm. Experimental result verifies the effectiveness of the macro-micro dual positioning system.

To improve the precision of an opto-electronic tracking system without installing new equipment, an assistant tracking with surplus angle information was carried out and a filter tracking only by angle information was designed. Firstly, the working principle of the opto-electronic tracking system with a laser-infrared detector was introduced, and a target model based on the “current” statistical model was established in a globe-coordinate. Considering the complex noise interference in the high frequency image series in a angle track process, the set-membership estimation was introduced to repair the maneuvering model, then a self-adjusted ellipsoidal bounding filter whose tracking was only by angle was designed. Finally, a simulation on the course tracking to enemy targets was performed by the opto-electronic system on the ship. The comparison results show when the laser detector probability decreases to fifty percent, the filter designed by ellipsoidal bounding algorithm could track the maneuvering target stably with a Room Mean Square Error(RMSE) of target angle less than 06 mrad.The filter could overcome the effect of non-white noises and has some practical values in engineering.

This paper explored the warpage which has significant influence on the quality of inject molding for flat micro-mini parts. To control the warpage to an acceptable level, the warpage of a microfluidics plate with a cross-shaped microchannel was researched and the effect of processing parameters on the warpage was considered in detail. First, the generation mechanism and evolution course of the warpage from injection molding was analyzed based on residual stress. Then, the warpage measurement method was established according to simulation technologies and experimental methods. A Si-core based injection mold was designed and fabricated and the optimum processing parameters were obtained with orthogonal experimental method to achieve the minimum warpage. Finally, the quantitative correlations between the warpage and the processing parameters were investigated by extreme difference analysis. Experimental results indicate that the minimum warpage is 141 μm after optimum processing and the sequence of from strong correlation to weak correlation is：holding time, mold temperature, holding pressure, melting temperature and cooling time. The result is helpful to optimize the injection processing of polymer flat micro-mini parts.

A new aircraft attitude estimation algorithm by use of line features for multi-camera images was proposed based on the direction vector method of angle bisector line. First, the angle bisector method was used to get direction vectors of the central and coplanar vertical axes of the aircraft, thus the rotation matrix R from the aircraft coordinate system to the theodolite camera reference coordinate system was obtained. Then, all line edges of the wings on theodolite images were extracted, and the total spacial coplanar error equation functions of line characteristics were derived with the pitch, azimuth and other parameters of theodolite. Moreover, an improved orthogonal iteration method was presented to minimize the total error of rotation matrix R. Finally, the optimized rotation matrix R was decomposed to get the aircraft's attitude. By a simulation experiment, the accuracy of four-camera system achieves 0.17° and the speed is 32 frame/s, which shows the accuracy is much better than that of the angle bisector method and the processing speed reaches real-time level. These results prove the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed algorithm.

With the aim to reconstruct three dimensional virtual scenes, a new algorithm for automatically generating three dimensional colored point clouds from aerial images is proposed in this paper. The algorithm adopts a new multi-view image probability relaxation global matching strategy based on fusion of object space and image space information to synthetically utilize multi-image information to improve matching reliability. Then, according to multi-view image matching results, multi-image bundle adjustment is used to compute the three dimensional coordinates of matching points. Finally, a statistical test on correctness of adjustment model is adopted to quantitatively measure the accuracy of computed three dimensional coordinates. The proposed algorithm is applied to actual aerial images. The experimental results on a statistical test indicate that matching reliability is above 90%, which means that the proposed algorithm has higher robustness and precision. Through proposed method, all planar pixels in the overlapping region of multi-view image are transformed to three dimensional points, and three dimensional colored point clouds with full digital format is automatically generated to represent geographic scenes. It can well satisfy the requirements of quick reconstruction of three dimensional geographic scenes with large scopes.

In accordance with the detection of small targets in an infrared image, an adaptive clutter suppression method based on image sparse representation was proposed. First, 500 frames of infrared images were sampled, and an over complete and multi-component dictionary containing characteristics of every image layers was constructed through learning and training. Then, the over complete dictionary corresponding to the image subblock was selected adaptively to represent the image sparsely through the covariance of the infrared image, and the optimum representative coefficients of the subimage under the over-complete target dictionary were obtained through matching the tracking algorithm. Finally, the image subblock was reconstructed according to the representative coefficients and the corresponding atomic vector and the high SNR reconstructed image which protruded the infrared small targets were acquired, and the clutter was suppressed. Many experiments under different circumstances indicate that the algorithm proposed in this paper can suppress the clutter under complex backgrounds and can raise the SNR. The target and background can be separated through simple threshold division, which lays foundation for the target detection process that follows up. Obtained results show that the method has smaller computation costs, stronger robustness and is easy to be realized by hardware.

Noise removing methods were analyzed and assessed to obtain real and effective measurement parameters extracted from fluorescent images in flow field measurements. The fundamental principle of Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence(PLIF) quantitative measurement was introduced. On the basis of analyzing the sources and characteristics of noises, some noise removing methods were analyzed and the stronger noise from the Mie scattering was determined as the main filtering target. Different filter methods were analyzed, the flow field image from an acetone fluorescent display was processed by denoising, and the denoise results were assessed by checking the residual amount of fluorescent signals in the image. Analysis shows that the morphological grayscale reconstruction method can not only move the noise effectively, but also can remain detailed information of the fluorescent signal remains with highly fidelity. The fluorescent images of methane/air flame induced by Q2(11) andP1(7) lines were filtered and 2D distribution of temperature was obtained in 2 000 K. Results show that morphological grayscale reconstruction method has great potential applications to the noise removing of PLIF images in flow parameter measurements.

An aerospace software defect prediction model PRM~~METHOD was proposed by use of the advantage of probabilistic relational model in describing and reasoning the relationship between multi-attribute classes and their uncertainty knowledge. First, a software defect classification method based on software test was proposed, and the theoretical basis of the application of probabilistic relational model to the aerospace software defect prediction was analyzed via the relationship between software defect classes. Then, under the definition and generalization of staff capacity and the feature of defect quantity, the model PRM~~METHOD was described with its structure, learning and predict process. Moreover, an improved k-average clustering algorithm based on closing data gap was proposed aim at data set classification operation. Finally, an aerospace software was taken as the example to actualize the model, and the practical testing data were used as the training set and validation set to validate it as well. The results show that the average of mean absolute deviation between the validation set and predict result is 0.086 8, which means the prediction accuracy of the model is 0.913 2. Therefore, the conclusion is that the model PRM~~METHOD has better prediction accuracy to the aerospace software defect prediction with a more complex associated relationship.

This paper proposes research schemes for a tricopter based on its developing trend. It focuses on its mechanical structures and physical moments and solves the problem that moments in the system offset each other. Then , it analyzes aircraft attitudes on launching, pitching, rolling and yawing by aerodynamic analysis and establishes a mathematical model for the tricopter. Finally, the PID and Linear Quadratic Gaussian(LQG) control methods are used to design a controller for the tricopter. The results show that the PID method does not achieve the desired states for its long equilibrium time and overmuch oscillations. However, after improving the controller by the LQG method, the simulation experiments on step functions and pulse response functions from different channels show that the response speed of the control has increased, and the balance of control can be implemented by about 2 s. the research can provide theoretical function for controlling aircraft attitudes.

To realize the autonomous optical navigation of planets in deep space exploration, a planetary center measurement method with sub-pixel accuracy was presented. Firstly, the coordinate transformation between a navigation camera and a target planet was established. According to optical imaging theory, the edge characteristics of a planetary image were analyzed. Using the only one semi-circle edge of the planetary image, planetary center was measured through circle fitting. Then, according to the edge distribution characteristics of the planetary image, the real semi-circle edge of planet was extracted by modified Canny algorithm and the longest distance method. Finally, the theory basis of traditional sub-pixel edge detection algorithm was analyzed based on Gauss fitting, improved sub-pixel edge detection algorithm based on Gauss fitting was presented according to imaging theory and the sub-pixel center of planet was obtained through circular curve fitting. In simulation experiment and moon testing experiment, the accuracies of modified algorithm are 0.02 and 0.68 pixels, which are higher about 0.03 and 0.21 pixels than that of traditional algorithm. It can satisfy the requirement of deep space exploration for reliability, positioning accuracy and noise immunity.

To reduce the computation time of multidimensional data processing, a 2 M-dimensional vector integer Discrete Cosine Transformation(DCT) kernel matrix was proposed and the orthogonality and energy concentration of the integer transform kernel matrix were analyzed. First, according to the theory and properties of original floating-point 2 M-dimensional vector DCT transform kernel matrix, the algorithm for the 2 M-dimensional vector DCT integer transform kernel matrix was introduced and the orthogonality of 2 M-vector integer transform kernel matrix was validated. Then, the basic principles of blocking and reorganizing the *.yuv format video files were given. Finally, by taking the four order and eight order integer transform kernels as examples, the 2 M-dimensional vector integer transform kernel matrix was analyzed, namely, the energy concentration of multidimensional data after integer transform was discussed. The experimental results show that 2 M-vector transform relative floating-point transformation has good energy concentration. The average value of energy concentration for the Y component has reached more than 97.3%, and those for the U component and V component have been more than 99.9%. It concludes that the results will provide a strong basis for compression processing of multi-dimensional data.

A target recognition method was proposed to recognize targets with different scales, view-points and illuminations automatically. First, a scale space of images was established, and the local key points in the scale space were extracted by incorporating the Hessian and Harris scale-space detectors. Then, the main orientations of the key points and orientation histograms were calculated and 128 element feature vectors for each key point were established, in which these feature vectors were invariant in different rotations and illuminants. To reinforce the performance, principle component analysis was incorporated to reduce the dimensionality of feature vectors and improve calculating speeds for the recognition. The nearest feature space classifier was used for increasing the recognition speeds in robustness. Experiment results show that this proposed method achieves a significant improvement in automatic target recognition rate, and the recognition rates for varied view-points, scales and illuminations are 61.9%, 80.5%, and 84.4%, respectively. Compared with the Scale Invariant Feature Transform(SIFT) and Speeded Up Robust Features (SURF), the proposed method achieves a significant improvement in automatic target recognition rate in presence of varying viewpoints, scales and illuminations.

By taking compressed sensing and sparse representation as theoretical bases, a sparse regularization image inpainting model based on shear wave transform is proposed to reserve the structure characteristics of an image. The model uses shear wave as sparse representation and sparse as a regularization item.Meanwhile, based on variable splitting method, it uses augmented Lagrange method to solve the optimization model. Furthermore, it reduces the complexity of the calculation through alternating direction method of multipliers. The availability of the algorithm is verified by Peak Signal to Noise Radio(PSNR), Structural Similarity Index (SSIM), convergence speed and visual effect. The results indicate that the image inpainting quality by proposed algorithm is better than that by other algorithms, and more optimal PSNR and SSIM can be obtained. The new model has more better performance whether for objective or for visual passitive, moreover, it shows a far quicker convergence rate. It concludes that the algorithm can inpaint images effectively and obtain a better visual effect.