To obtain higher navigation accuracy of skylight polarization, the polarization model for skylight was researched. An automatic detecting system of skylight polarized pattern was designed to get a large number of images to build an accurate model of skylight. The system overcomes the complex operation and the low efficiency from traditional detecting systems. It integrates a camera and the control system of precision rotating platform in an acquisition system to acquire the polarized images rapidly and easily in a key gathering a group of images. The test indicates that the acquisition system can get all of images in the angle that we expect, and can obtain images with a clear polarized pattern. Furthermore, the detecting accuracy is better than 0.237 5(3σ) gray level (8 bits) for light intensity and average time-consuming is 3.02 s for every measuring point. These results demonstrate that the system has higher detecting efficiency and can execute an efficient detection of skylight polarized pattern.

Combined an air bearing platform and a laser interferometer, a set of non-contact and high precision system for curvature radius measurements of lenses is developed based on the axial focusing of confocal technique. The developed system is characterized by that the peak point of the confocal axial intensive curve corresponds to the focus of an objective. On the characteristic, it identifies precisely the cat-eye and confocal positions of the test lens. Then it takes the laser interferometer to obtain the position coordinates of the cat-eye and confocal positions and calculates the curvature radius of the lens. Furthermore, the main control software drives an air bearing slider with a test lens to achieve the scanning measurement near the cat eye and confocal positions, and then acquires signals and processes data. Experimental results show that the measurement system has the reproducibility less than 2 μm, which meets the requirements of curvature radius measurement for high precision. The developed measurement system has the advantages of high test speed, easy operation, simple structure and easy to be miniaturized.

An Anomalous Surface Scattering (ASS) phenomenon was researched during the measurement of surface roughnesses for a smooth surface by a grazing X-ray scattering method. Firstly, an experimental facility based on an X-ray diffractometer were introduced. Several kinds of samples with different surface roughnesses were measured by an Atomic Force Microscope(AFM) and their surface scattering distributions in different grazing incident angles were given at working wavelength of 0.154 nm. Then, the relationship between anomalous scattering angles and critical angle was analyzed. Finally, the factors affecting on the scattering intensity were studied. Experimental results indicate that ASS can be observed when the grazing angle is larger than the critical angle. The anomalous scattering angle is related to the sample materials when incidence wavelength is a constant and it changes slightly with the grazing angle and surface roughness(Root Mean Square (RMS)). Moreover,all the measured anomalous scattering angles are slightly smaller than the nominal critical angle values of Si, fused quartz, Ni and Au respectively, and the measurement errors range from -8.6% to -0.9%. On the other hand, the equiangular reflection intensity is reduced obviously as the increasing of the grazing angle and surface roughness, whereas the intensity of ASS radiation is apt to increase instead of being weakened and the ratio of ASS peak intensity to equiangular reflection peak intensity ranges from 0.012 to 2.667. These results prove that sample materials and surface roughness are two principal factors affecting on ASS radiation distribution.

On the basis of the Michelson interferometer, a phase interference measurement system with one single arm as the measurement output port was designed to measure and analyze the thickness uniformity of a glass plate. In the system, a CCD camera was used to collect the interference pattern and the Fourier transform fringe analysis and phase unwrapping techniques were used to extracted the phase information contained in the interference pattern. For the problem that the sidelobe center of Fourier transform spectrum could not be accurately located, an applicable triangular transformation method was proposed to extract the volume of phase change directly. With this approach, the phase results could be obtained more accurately without knowing the central location of the spectral sidelobe, meanwhile, the errors induced by man-made estimation and the small carrier frequency component in vertical axis were eliminated. The thickness uniformity of a group of glass plates was measured in both of the length and width directions. The experimental results show that the theoretical accuracy is 0.93% and 0.92% in two directions, respectively, when they measured by a CCD camera with a unit size of 4.65 μm×4.65 μm. The system can measure the thickness uniformity of the glass plates, and has lower demands for the location accuracy of frequency spectral sidelobe and the direction precision of carrier frequency.

A 137-element Deformable Mirror(DM) was manufactured by ourselves to carry out the research on the adaptive optics. First, a Zygo interferometer was used to test the static characteristics of the DM, which included figure tests, response tests of single actuators and coupling tests. Then, Zernike polynomial fitting and surface flattening were performed to test the correction capability of the DM, respectively, and the correction capability was also verified experimentally at an adaptive optics test-bed. Finally, a fast response measurement system was built up to test the dynamic response abilities of the DM and its drive electronics. The tests and experiments show that the surface of the DM after flatten calibration has the RMS and PV better than λ/50 and 0.18λ(λ=632.8 nm), respectively. Furthermore, the DM can fit and correct the first 7 order Zernike polynomials reasonably. The dynamic responses both of the DM and its high voltage driver are faster than 1 kHz. The tests in the indoor adaptive optics system show that the DM improves the system's Strehl ratio from less than 0.1 to better than 0.9, which enhances the imaging capability of the system greatly.

A calibration method for the cross-angle between the optical axis of a remote sensing camera and that of a star sensor was investigated to improve the positioning accuracy of remote sensing images. On the basis of the rigorous space resection model, the unified calibration method of interior and exterior orientation elements was proposed by introducing an improved non-direction solving model into the calibration of mounting error of the remote sensing camera. By which, the system error between attitude determining sensor and remote sensing camera was compensated accurately. In processing the remote sensing images from a satellite, the relationship matrix between remote sensing camera and star sensor attitude were determined by the optimized model, then the cross-angle was calibrated accurately. Finally, the cross-angle model was verified with the geometrical relationship of single-image targeting. After the calibration, the plane position RMS errors are 9.31 m and 9.28 m in latitude and longitude directions, respectively, which shows that the positioning accuracy of the remote sensing images have been improved greatly by the proposed method.

To avoid the Talbot effect that is a multiple imaging in the traditional laser parallel confocal measurement, this paper introduces a Digital Micromirror Device(DMD) into the laser parallel confocal measurement to recognize the in-focus image. By taking the DMD as an optical splitting system, it is verified to be a flexible array source, and can not bring Talbot effect into the measurement system. However, the DMD is not an effectual splitting source as it can not converge the split ray effectively. Based on the characteristics of DMD, a laser parallel confocal measurement system with a single source and dual beam paths is constructed by combining a DMD and a Microlens Array(MLA). In this system, the position of in-focus image can be distinguished with the beam path of DMD and the high precision measurement can be completed with the beam path of MLA. The theoretical analysis and the experiment results indicate that the difference between the positions of in-focus images under two kinds of optical detection paths is about 2 μm. Moreover,the influence of Talbot effect on the laser parallel confocal measurement becomes weaker, and the parallel confocal measurement with high precision is achieved.

To remove the effect of environmental conditions on the measuring accuracy of HF acid differential corrosion rate method, a HF step-by-step etching method was proposed. The correction factor Ki was introduced to correct the environmental changes in different etching steps and to improve the measuring accuracy. Experiments show that the sub-surface damage layer depth of the K9 glass after Fixed Abrasive Pad(FAP) lapping is 3.479 μm measured by the HF step-by-step etching method. As compared with 0.837 μm and 2.82 μm measured by the HF acid differential corrosion rate method and the magneto-rheological finishing spot method, respectively, it demonstrates that the proposed method in this paper has higher measurement accuracy and is in well accordance with the actual situation. Furthermore, the introduction of experimental correction factor Ki reduces the accumulation errors brought by the operating environments.

A dynamic real-time horizontal datum measuring system was designed and the feasibility of the measurement system used to measure the twist angles of Yuan Wang tracking ship was discussed. Then the measuring principle and the measuring errors of the system when it measured transverse and vertical twist angles were analyzed. According to the measuring demands, the key technical specifications were determined and the measurement accuracies on transverse and vertical twist angles were analyzed. The analyzed results show that the measurement errors for transverse and vertical twist angles of the measurement ship are not more than 3″, and the measuring distance is without any restrictions in theory, much longer than 200 m(the length of Yuan Wang surveying vessel). A measuring experiment was performed on the transverse and vertical twist angles of the Yuan Wang tracking ship when it is a docking state, results show that the proposed method is feasible, and it can not only increase the measurement accuracy, but also overcomes the drawbacks from the traditional large steel pipe based the method. It is characterized by compact dimensions, lower weights and wider application fields.

A retinal imaging Adaptive Optical(AO) system with a large Field of View(FOV) was designed to expand the FOV of the retinal image of liquid crystal AO system. Based on analysis of the AO retinal imaging system under an isoplanatic angle, it pointed out that the FOV for wave-front detection should be smaller than a half isoplanatic angle for precise wave-front detection and the half FOV should not be larger than the isoplanatic angle in imaging. A coaxial wave-front detection and optical imaging system was fabricated, meanwhile, an adjustable pupil was used to switch the different FOVs for wave-front detection and imaging, respectively. After adaptive optical wave front correction, the wave-front error is significantly reduced and the FOV for imaging is enlarged from a diameter of 200 μm to 500 μm without any harmful effect on imaging quality. By utilizing an adjustable pupil in the system based on the isoplanatic angle, the retinal image FOV has increased by 2.5 times as compared with that of existing AO system. The applicability of the system on clinical practice is increased a lot by this research.

For the serious nonlinear optical loss, low output power density and non-flat light source in gas concentration measurement by a Cavity Ring-down Spectroscope(CRDS), a Raman laser by using Si as gain media was designed based on the nonlinear frequency shift mechanism of stimulated Raman scattering. To reduce the Two-photon Absorption (TPA) induced Free-carrier Absorption (FCA) and the FCA induced nonlinear optical loss in the silicon, a reversed p-i-n diode was designed to embed in a silicon waveguide.Then, the output power of Raman laser could be enhanced by controlling the voltage. In the experimental analysis, the reversed voltage was set to open, short, 5V and 25V, respectively, to observe the output power under the different voltages. The result indicates that the free carrier mobility time decreases from 16 ns to 1 ns and the output power increases outstandingly at the same condition, which enhances the reliability of gas concentration measurement.

A two-layer circle waveguide model based on Long-period Fiber Gratings(LPFG)was established according to the coupling theory. The transmission spectrum of a LPFG in external media with linear Refractive Index(RI) gradient distribution was obtained by using the transfer matrix method. Simulation results show that the transmission spectral characteristics of the LPFG are strongly dependent on the RI gradient distribution of external media. When the RI gradient of external media increases, the loss depth of the transmission spectrum decreases, the 3dB bandwidth increases, and there is a good linear relationship between bandwidth and RI gradient increment. When the RI gradient of external media increases from 1.1111 × 10-7 riu/mm to 1.111 1 × 10-5 riu/mm, the gradient sensitivity can reach 2.2×107 nm·mm/riu. This result allows the high sensitivity measurement of refractive index gradient to become possible, and provides a theoretical basis for the design and production of the RI gradient sensors based on LPFGs. It may be potentially suitable for application to the measurement of biochemical reactions in the small scale liquid refractive index(RI) gradient distribution.

To match the projecting images on dome screens from different types and specs of mainstream digital engineering projectors, a basic design method for a general projection fisheye zoom lens was presented. First, based on the characteristics and universality of the projection fisheye lens, the optical structure used in the final system was defined. By configuring the initial parameters of moving unit bestly, the moving path of compensating group was linearized to construct synchronously two cam curves to be standard helical lines. Then, image surface position was kept steady during a zooming process by controlling the spherical aberration of front fixed group and the focal length of back fixed group. The final design indicates that the optical system can always keep a full field angle of view of 160° and a F# of 2.0 as it uses two moving components that contain a positive zooming group and a negative compensating group. By controlling parameters reasonably, the system can match prisms of different effective optical thicknesses from 16.5 mm to 26 mm in several kinds of digital projector engines, and also can match digital engineering projectors by using 1LCD, 3LCD and 1DMD technologies with the chip sizes from 16-24 cm (0.63-0.95 in) and the length-width ratio of chip in 16∶9 and 4∶3 when the image shift is within ±0.03 mm. The design can fulfill the requirements of common and general projections with its simpler structure and good technology.

A Fast Steering Mirror (FSM) suitable for motion environments was designed to control the laser beam stabilization and its accurate alignment for a laser projecting system in the vibration and shocking. According to the requirement of performance of the optical system, the necessary physical and mechanical characteristics of the FSM were presented for the reflecting mirror of a high energy laser. The voice coil actuators with large travels were used as the drivers of the FSM, and angle displacement measuring devices with high precision and anti-jamming ability were taken as the position sensors of the FSM. The four voice coil actuators and four angle position measuring devices were reasonably arranged to decrease the inertial moment of the system and also to improve the reliability and condition adaptability. The experimental result shows that the positioning accuracy of FSM is better than 1.4″, which satisfies the precision requirement of the laser projecting system for the FSM.

A piezoelectric energy generator with a Deflection-limiting Circular Arc (DLCA) was presented to enhance its generated energy and reliability. The structure and working principle of the piezoelectric generator were introduced and an energy conversion model for the piezoelectric generator was established.By simulation, the influence of thickness ratio of the substrate thickness to the total thickness of the piezo-cantilever on the minimal radius of DLCA as well as the generated energy, and that of total thickness of the piezo-cantilever and the radius of DLCA on the generated voltage as well as electrical energy were obtained. The analytical results show that the minimal radius of the DLCA decreases linearly with the increasing of thickness ratio, and there is a shared optimal thickness ratio(0.35) for piezoelectric generators with different total thicknesses to achieve maximal output voltage and energy. Several piezoelectric generators with different radii of DLCA were fabricated and tested. The results show that the maximal voltage (displacement) of the piezoelectric generator depends mainly on the radii of DLCA. When a minimal radius of DLCA is set, both the maximal electrical energy and higher reliability can be achieved.

A double elastic plate based Fast Tool Servo (FTS) was designed to fabricate non-rotational symmetrical micro-structured surfaces using diamond turning method. Then, the performance of the FTS was tested. According to constrain conditions, the analytical expression for the stiffness of elastic plates was derived and the calculation method for the maximum Von Mises stress of the plates was also given. Based on the specification of the FTS, the structural parameters of the elastic plates were optimized and a FTS was machined in accordance with the parameters mentioned above. Finally, a control system for the FTS was established, and the static and dynamic characters were tested. The test results show that the stiffness of the FTS is 53 N/μm, the motion resolution is 3 nm, and the travel range can reach to 20 μm. Furthermore, the FTS can offer the static following error better than 4 nm, the open loop bandwidth of 2 kHz and the fundamental frequency up to 3 kHz. The test results not only demonstrate the correctness of the design method, but also indicate that the double elastic plate based structure is a good choice for the micro-displacement units with high stiffness and high precision.

The definition of physical human-robot interaction is introduced, the injuries for human from the interaction processing are analyzed, and the safety assessments are given. Then, it summarizes the safety strategy used in the physical human-robot interaction. Furthermore, it presents the research progress in the physical human-robot interaction and highlights the questions and challenges in this field on the basis of analysis and research mentioned above. This paper points out that the injuries analysis and safety assessments of physical human-robot interaction mainly focus on the blunt/sharp collision caused the bones and soft tissue injury currently, and lack of study on organs, blood vessels, nerves, and other injuries. Collision avoidance, wrapped in soft elastic material and compliant joint design are the main safety policy. By comparing design ideas and construction schemes of these methods, it summarizes the advantages, disadvantages and main problems. It suggests that the combination of cognitive human-robot interaction and physical human-robot interaction will be the developing direction to enhance the safety of the latter because a single means or a strategy can not guarantee the safety of human-robot interaction.

In order to achieve the high precision trajectory tracking control of a positioning table driven by Permanent Magnetic Synchronous Linear Motor (PMSLM), This paper designs a hybrid trajectory tracking controller.The controller combines Model State Feedback (MSF) and Velocity/Acceleration Feedforward controls (VFC/AFC) to ensure the precision of a positioning table. Based on the principles of Internal Model Control (IMC) and the identified model of the positioning table, a MSF controller is proposed and the parameter calculation methods of the MSF controller are presented. Using the MSF model, a cascade PID/MSF controller is designed. The PID/MSF cascade controller is incorporated with the VFC/AFC control to construct a hybrid PID/MSF+VFC/AFC trajectory tracking controller. The VFC in the trajectory tracking controller is used to improve the velocity command response and the AFC is used to remove the overshoot induced by VFC without lowering the position loop gains. The hybrid trajectory tracking controller is implemented in the MATLAB/dSPACE real time control platform. Simulation and experimental results show that the controller can meet the requirements of precision tracking control and can achieve the tracking accuracy of ±0.028 mm and the positioning accuracy of ±4 μm for a precision positioning table driven by PMSLM.

In consideration of the exposure precision of a curtain shutter and the dimension of a camera, a new focus-plane single curtain type shutter was designed by using a timing belt with high transmission accuracy as the curtain of shutter and a belt wheel as the roll shaft. The main reason effecting the exposure precision was analyzed, and a mathematic model was created by the system error synthesis method. Then, the series of gear-composited errors was used to evaluate the transmission errors of a driving mechanism. Furthermore, the geometric model of the polygonal effect was established by analysis of the transmission mechanism of the timing belt, and the influence of polygonal effect on the rate errors was calculated. After testing on the shutter,the speed stability of the roll shaft is obtained and the exposure precision achieves 0.067 according to the Gaussian processes. The exposure time at 5 positions on a frame was tested by the photoelectric method,and the result shows that exposure precision in the frame achieves by 0.056, which demonstrates that this shutter can exposure on the aerial photographing of large range illuminance.

For lack of calculating formulas to design folded serpentine micro-cantilevers, this paper deduces calculating formulas to compute the deflection of a folded serpentine micro-cantilever and its spring constants in x, y and z directions combining the Hooke's law and the energy method. In deduction, it is found that the bending moment at the out corner will effect on the final results of the complex micro-cantilever seriously, so it can not be ignore in calculation. The spring constant of the folded serpentine micro-cantilever is calculated by finite element analysis using ANSYS software to validate the theoretic calculation. Compared with the finite element simulation, the relative errors of the folded serpentine micro-cantilever is 0.67%, 1.09% and 2.95% in the x, y and z directions respectively, and the values are all less than 3%. An image measurement system is established to measure the distortion of the cantilever. Experimental results indicate that the theoretic calculation values coincide with the measured values well. The formulas deduced for the folded serpentine micro-cantilever are logical, and the formula deduction can offer the gists for the computation and design of the folded serpentine micro-cantilevers.

As the nonlinear hysteresis characteristic of a Piezoelectric Ceramic Actuator(PZT) has a big impact on periodic ultra-precise tracking accuracy, this paper investigates a methodology which combines the Dynamic Fuzzy System(DFS) feed-forward based on Takagi-Sugeno(T-S) fuzzy rule with the PI control. The identification methods of DFS antecedent and consequent structures are introduced. Then, DFS feed-forward with PI control strategy of periodic trajectory tracking is proposed according to theories of direct inverse model control and iterative learning control. Finally, the tracking control experiment is performed on a 20Hz triangular trajectory and a sinusoidal desired trajectory. Experimental results indicate that the proposed control method can achieve 0.25% and 0.27% maximum tracking errors for triangular and sinusoidal trajectories, which are 52 and 64 times as accurate as that of PI control. Moreover, the maximum absolute tracking errors have been reduced to 5.1 nm and 5.5 nm,respectively. It concludes that the methodology can be easily implemented and has high periodic trajectory tracking accuracy.

A Micro-opto Electro-mechanical System(MOEMS) scanning mirror with a large size, large torsional angles and a low driving voltage actuated by a vertical comb driver was proposed. The working principle of the vertical comb driver was analyzed and its fabrication process was discussed. By using a bulk micromaching process technology combined with a silicon-silicon bonding process, a vertical comb driver actuated MOEMS scanning mirror was fabricated. The fabricated scanning mirror has a size of 3 mm×2 mm,and a resonant frequency of 1.32 kHz. The test results show that the mirror has a high quality optical surface and the RMS of surface roughness is only 8.64 nm.When the driving voltage is set to be 95 V, the maximum rotation angle of the mirror is 2.4°.Furthermore, the tested turn-on responding time and turn-off responding time for the mirror are 1.887 ms and 4.418 ms,respectively.

This paper explores the effect of nonlinear disturbance of a static pressure oil pad in an optical astronomical telescope on the tracking accuracy. Firstly, the causes of oil pad disturbance are analyzed and the frequencies of nonlinear disturbances are measured accurately with accelerometers and an encoder. By analysis of the vibration curve of the accelerometer, the position curve and Fast Fourier Transfer(FFT) curve of the encoder when the oil pad is turning on or turning off, it points out that the vibration of oil pad is narrow band interference. Then, a Notch filter is proposed to suppress the oil pad disturbance by setting the central frequency at the main disturbance frequency. The design process of the proposed method is discussed in detail. The bode diagram and the zero-pole map of Notch filter are given. When oil film thickness needs to be changed, the Notch frequency band can be adjusted flexibly by changing the parameters of Notch filter. Finally, the control system with Notch filter is implemented and filtering results are shown. Simulation and experimental results of tracking and pointing on a 2.5 m astronomical optical telescope indicate that the tracking precision of the azimuth system is 0.083 7″RMS and 0.571″PV by measuring and eliminating the main noise at 0.825 Hz .As comparing with pressure fluctuation attenuation devices, the proposed method shows the advantages of convenience, flexibility and good universality.

A design method of composite materials and metals embedded with each other was put forward. On the basis of the space layout of optical elements in a coaxil three-mirror optical system and the technological properties and attributes of the Carbon Fiber Reinfored Plastic(CFRP), the main backbone of the camera was designed and manufactured with CRFP and titanium by this method. First, the core body of main backbone was made up of CFRP, and the gridding and thickness were optimized with topology analysis. Then, the metal embedded parts were arranged according to an optical lens, every metal embedded parts were lightweighted and the mode and the deformation of the main backbone were analyzed. Finally, the results of design and analysis were verified by a vibration test. The experiment and test indicate that the CFRP main backbone is 15.6 kg , the circumscribed circle diameter is Φ870 mm,and the height is 130 mm.Furthermore, the average density and the first mode frequency are 0.313 g/cm2 and 479.2 Hz,respectively. These results prove that the CFRP main backbone can meet the requirements of light weight,high dynamic stability and good surface precision for space cameras.

This paper researches how to improve the performance and applications of micromixers used in mixing micro-liquids, because most of the existing micromixers need external power sources, and can only mix fluids but can not transport them. A valveless piezoelectric pump with multistage Y-shape tubes which integrates both functions of mixing and transporting is developed to overcome above shortcomings. Firstly, a multistage Y-shape tube is proposed, then a valveless piezoelectric pump with multistage Y-shape tubes is designed and its working principle is analyzed. Furthermore, the flow resistance characteristics and the flow rate of the valveless piezoelectric pump are analyzed theoretically. Meanwhile, finite element software is employed in simulating the flow fields of the pump numerically. The results show that the piezoelectric pump has a function of one-way transmission. Finally, the valveless piezoelectric pump is fabricated, the relationships between flow rate and driving frequency, as well as that between back pressure and driving frequency are experimentally investigated. The experimental results show that the maximum flow rate is 16.2 mL/min under a peak-to-peak voltage of power supply in 100 V(16 Hz), and the maximum back pressure is obout 64 mmH2O under a peak-to-peak voltage of power supply in 100 V (14 Hz). The obtained experimental results validate the feasibility of the valveless piezoelectric pump with multistage Y-shape tubes.

This paper researched a splicing technology for gridded curve surfaces and improved the existing splice algorithms. On the basis of Hartley Judd chord length parameters. the joint vectors on Non-Uniform Rational B-spline(NURBS) curves were gotten. Then, joint vectors and curves were used to calculate control peaks with a reverse method and the projection transformation means was taken to obtain the weight factors. Furthermore, the control peaks on splicing surfaces were adjusted based on the requirements to allow the curve surfaces to reach G1 continuity. Finally, control peaks on gridded curve surfaces were modified wholly and they were rearranged to splice the curve surfaces seamlessly. The curve surfaces after splicing were measured by a special 3D software, and the results show that the method can splice multiple surfaces into a whole under a condition of continuous G1, and the average error is 0.0049° in experiments.

As traditional tracking algorithm based on compressive sensing can extrack few features and fails to track targets stably in textures and lightings changed,a real-time tracking algorithm using multi-features based on compressive sensing is proposed.The algorithm uses multiple matrixes as the projection matrix of the compressive sensing, and the compressed data as the multiple features to extract the multiple features needed by track. Because the feature stability is different in tracky processing,different update levels are taken to maintain the tracking robustness in varied target conditions. The proposed algorithm is tested with variant video sequences and the results show that the algorithm achieves stable tracking for the target moved or the light changed,and average computing frame rate is 23 frame/s when the target scale is 70 pixel×100 pixel.Obtained results satisfy the requirements of real-time tracking. As compared with the compressive tracking with single kind of feature, the algorithm can track stably under big changed lightings and target textures.

To improve the understable imaging system caused by the high work frequency of image composing circuit on a satellite, the structure of a camera was innovated. A composion and compression method of Time Delay Integration CCD(TDICCD) based on a Field Programming Gate Array(FPGA) platform was proposed for satellite remote sensing data. The principle of real-time compostion and compression for multi-channel satellite remote sensing data was introduced. Then, based on the characteristics of TDICCD linear array push-broom imaging mode,the improved JPEG-LS was used. By taking adaptive quantization to control the coding rate dynamically,composion and compression of image data were simultaneously achieved on the FPGA. At last,an experiment platform was established for the validation. Experimental results indicate that the system clock has reduced to 80 MHz and 64 MHz, respectively, from the original 100 MHz in the lossless and 2-time compression and the Peak Signal Noise Ratio(Reconstruct PSNR) of the image is higher than 80 dB. As the proposed algorithm has low storage capacity,the average processing time of one line image is 57.5 μs, smaller than the smallest line period of the camera. The proposed algorithm is stable and the system is reliable and achieves the composion and compression of multi- channel TDICCD remote image within the camera.

A new correction method based on the concept of Time Delay Integration (TDI) was proposed to eliminate the picture seams from a multiple output CCD. The TDI readout operation was used to capture the image under the illumination of a uniform light source, then a model to obtain the relationship between the line average gray level and the exposure time of the image was established. On the basis of the model, CCD output responses were fitted and the output non-uniformity was corrected. By the correction operations mentioned above, the seam correction was implemented in the analog domain of an Analog Front End (AFE).As only one image was needed for the correction method, the correction accuracy could not be affected by the illumination adjustment accuracy of uniform light source. Experiment results show that output non-uniformity by proposed method is 2.482% less than that of two-point method and 1.052% less than that of multi-point method (16 points), which means that the method has better correction effect, less experimental workload and can be widely used in the seam correction of multiple output CCDs.

This paper carried out a subjective evaluation test with magnitude estimation for 78 noise samples to evaluate the sound quality of vehicles. In the test, six types of B-Class vehicles were taken as the study objects and sound signals collected in co-driver locations at steady states as experimental samples. Meanwhile, seven objective parameters were calculated to describe the sound characteristics. By using objective parameters as inputs, subjective values as outputs, a GA-BP neural network was adopted to establish a sound quality prediction model. Experiments show that the model gives good predictions of high correlation (0.928) and low error (±8%). Then, the network connection coefficients were used to calculate the impact weight of objective parameters on the results of subjective evaluation, and a new model with main parameters was established. As expected, the loudness, sharpness and roughness with a total relative importance of 83% are the most influential parameters in vehicle interior sound quality.

A new color image assessment method is proposed to solve the problem of neglecting color information and a poor consistent behavior with the human visual system in traditional image quality assessment methods. The human eye sensitive image structure is enhanced and full color information is used in this method. Three important parts are taken into account in this structure, which are detail information, luminance information and color information. Quaternion is taken as a tool to perform the task. A quaternion matrix is constructed to evaluate color image quality. Then singular value decomposition is performed on the quaternion matrix. Max singular value is used to describe image structure information. Numerical results are obtained by using distortion map. 982 images in LIVE database including five types of distortion are used to investigate the behaviors of the proposed method. The nonlinearity property of the proposed method in the cross-distortion experiment is that the Root Mean Square Error(RMSE) value is 9.176,and Spearman Rank Order Correlation Coefficient(SROCC) value is 0.929 6, however, those of from Structural Similarity Index( SSIM) method are 9.299 and 0.925 6, respectively. The results show that proposed method is more consistent than the traditional methods because of the considering of more image properties and using a quaternion matrix.

To suppress the influence of noises associated with a laser ultrasonic testing process on the detection for defects and material parameters, the time-scale filtering process of laser ultrasonic signals is studied based on Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD). As the aliasing between useful signals and noises in Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMF) will reduce the reconstruction signal-to-noise ratio, a time-windowing method with kurtosis test strategy is proposed considering the multi-mode and broad-band characteristics of laser ultrasonic signals.With proposed method, the positions and boundaries of useful signals in IMFs near the reconstruction start are estimated by computing the local kurtosis values. Then, a Turkey-Hanning window is used to preserve useful signals and suppress the noises. Thus, aliasing removal is achieved and the reconstruction signal quality is improved. Simulation and experimental data show that the method proposed has a good self-adaptability,and it recognizes and separates the signal and noise components effectively. The signal-to-noise improvement factor is over 14 dB,which improves the original method by 3 dB and enhances the performance by 20%. Besides, as the heavier the signal is polluted, the better the improving effect is, the advantage of the method is expected to be given in high noise levels.

A high accurate optical head pose tracker system based on multiple-cameras was investigated to track the high accurate head pose of a virtual reality system. A calibration square was designed to eliminate the system installation error to allow the optical axis of a camera to be perpendicular every two cameras.In positioning, the depth value of the object was given arbitrarily by taking a camera for a criterion, then, other coordinate values could be generated by a camera model. The obtained results were taken as the initial depth and used in the loop iteration to compute the object's position. At last, the object pose could be calculated based on the position of three markers. Comparative experiments show that the algorithm has high accuracy and rapid convergence. The static error is 0.51 mm, and the dynamic tracking error is 0.88 mm,which is significantly higher than that of the electromagnetic tracker system. Meanwhile, the positioning system has low-cost and can not be disturbed by metal or electromagnetic environments. It can meet the high-precision position tracking requirements of virtual reality systems.

The design method of a fiber transmission remote image acquisition system based on a high resolution EXview CCD is presented and the main units in the system are introduced in detail. The system utilizes a special IC to achieve time driving and takes double Complex Programmable Logic Devices(CPLDs ) to complete the logic control. In order to improve dynamic ranges, it uses a 16 bit high resolution Digital to Analog Converter(ADC) to digitalize video signals. Furthermore, the system can transfer mass video data in long-distances based on the TLK1501,and can perform data terminal collection with a computer by a USB. Finally, two important parameters: dynamic range and the system gain are estimated in an experiment. The system offers its specifications are a resolution of 1.4 million pixels, digitizer type of 16 bits, and remote transmission less than 30 km. Moreover, its dynamic range is 60-65 dB,system gain is 2.34 ADU/e-. Experiments show that designed system is fit for the science research which demands for the best quality mentioned above.

According to the excessive error factors and difficult analysis of the binocular vision measurement systems, an error analysis method based on grey incidence technology was proposed. The grey attributes of the vision system were analyzed,and grey system theory and its correlation technologies were introduced into the error analysis of the vision measurement system. 9 factors or parameters such as lens distortion, centroid positional error, internal and external parameters in binocular vision system were all selected as independent variables, then sampled data were obtained for error analysis through experiments based on single factor variation. According to grey data processing method and grey incidence analysis technology, the influences of all error factors on final measurement accuracy were definited by irregular samples. Experimental results demonstrate the exactitude and validity that the grey theory is used for quantitatively analysis of errors for the vision system. Under grey theory significance, the incidence degrees of measurement errors with four kinds of factors,the radial distortion and tangential distortion of a lens, the included angle between two cameras and centroid positional error in feature points are larger than 0.859, which is higher than those of other factors.

A novel algorithm based on image quality assessment was proposed for a turbulence-degraded infrared image to deblur the fuzzy infrared image caused by a high-speed turbulent flow field.Firstly,the degradation process was simplified as parameter-describing 2-D Gaussian function according to the prior knowledge, the degraded image was segmented into edge region, texture region and plain region and the weighted average of those regional 2-D kurtosis were used as the image kurtosis. Then, the kurtosis of restored image varying with the parameter under different support regions was calculated and the curvature-maximum criterion was used to estimate the corresponding parameter from the “kurtosis-parameter” curve. After that, the Point Spread Function(PSF) determined by the support domain and corresponding estimated parameter were used to restore the degraded image. Finally, a no-reference image quality assessment was used to compare different restored images,and the PSF of the recovered image with the highest quality was regarded as a final identification result. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can identify the parameter and support region of the blur function well, and the maximum deviation of the estimated parameter and the real value is less than ±5% when the Signal to Noise Ratio(SNR) of the degraded image is larger than 30 dB. The identification results can be used as an initial PSF estimation for other turbulence-degraded infrared image restoration algorithms.

To improve the precise of all automatic printing equipment, a simple and effective calibration method was proposed to calibrate the screen printing equipment based on a novel three-degree-of-freedom (3-DOF) planar parallel stage. Firstly, a vision-based measuring system was analyzed and calibrated, and its measurement accuracy was also evaluated by a laser interferometer. Then, the geometric errors of the 3-DOF planar parallel stage was analyzed and the frame of the parallel stage's movable platform, screw lead errors and some geometric errors were identified in steps based on a vision-based measuring system in the equipment. Furthermore, the orientation interpolation and alignment methods using a triangular area to position the alignment point were presented to satisfy the need for different product processes in the whole workspace. For the processing mentioned above, this calibration method can calibrate the equipment itself automatically without complicated identification for all geometric errors and the need for any background in parallel robot calibration. Experimental results after calibration show that the maximum position and orientation errors inside the workspace have been reduced from 161.6 μm and 2.232″ to 12.3 μm and 0.720″, respectively, which satisfies the equipment requirement for high accuracy.

On the basis of a visual attention model and a maximum entropy segmentation method, an adaptive segmentation method was proposed to segment the object from a complex background in the scene image and to detect a salient object effectively and accurately. First, the feature of original image was extracted via four channels on color, intensity, orientation and local energy. The profile of object feature was described more accurately by combining the channel of local energy with a simple biologically-inspired model. Then, object detection masks were constructed to remove background gradually according to the gray intensity of the pixels in the saliency map. By taking blend masks with the original image as a pre-segmentation result, the entropy of pre-segmentation images was computed. Finally, the entropy of salient object was estimated via maximization information entropy principle and the optimized image extraction for the salient object was obtained by estimating the relationship of entropy between salient object and masks in the saliency map. Experimental results indicate that the salient object detected by proposed method is more integrity, the F-measure of segmentation performance is 0.56, and the precision ratio and the recall ratio of detection are 0.69 and 0.41, respectively. The proposed method is more reasonable and effective than the traditional method, and it can satisfy the requirements of detecting the salient objects from complex backgrounds.