Pure potassium vapor or K-H2 mixture was irradiated in a glass fluorescence cell with pulses of 710 nm radiation from an OPO laser, populating K2(1Λｇ) state by two-photon absorption. Cross sections for 1Λｇ-3Λｇ transfer in K2 were determined using methods of molecular fluorescence. During the experiments with pure K vapor, the cell temperature was varied between 553 and 603 K. The K number density was determined spectroscopically by the white-light absorption measurement in the blue wing of the self-broadened resonance D2 line. The resulting fluorescence included a direct component emitted in the decay of the optically excitation and a sensitized component arising from the collisionally populated state. The decay signal of time-resolved fluorescence from 1Λｇ→1 １Σ＋ｕ transition was monitored. It was seen that just after the laser pulse the fluorescence of the photoexcited level decreased exponentially. The effective lifetimes of the 1Λｇ state can be resolved. The plot of reciprocal of effective lifetimes of the 1Λｇ state against K densities yielded the slope that indicated the total cross section for deactivation and the intercept that provided the radiative lifetime of the state. The radiative lifetime (20±2) ns was obtained. The cross section for deactivation of the K2(1Λｇ) molecules by collisions with K is (2.5±0.3)×10-14 cm2. The time-resolved intensities of the K2 3Λｇ→1 ３Σ＋ｕ(484 nm) line were measured. The radiative lifetime (16.0±3.2) ns and the total cross section (2.5±0.6)×10-14 cm2 for deactivation of the K2(3Λｇ) state can also be determined through the analogous procedure. The time-integrated intensities of 1Λｇ→1 １Σ＋ｕ and 3Λｇ→1 ３Σ＋ｕ transitions were measured. The cross section (1.1±0.3)×10-14 cm2 was obtained for K2(1Λｇ)＋K→K2(3Λｇ)+K collisions. During the experiments with K-H2 mixture, the cell temperature was kept constant at 553 K. The H2 pressure was varied between 40 and 400 Pa. The effects of K2-K collisions could not be neglected. These effects were subtracted out using the results of the pure K experiments. The cross section (2.7±1.1)×10-15 cm2 was obtained for K2(1Λｇ)+H2→K2(3Λｇ)+H2 collisions. The cross section is (6.8±2.7)×10-15 cm2 for K2(3Λｇ)＋Ｈ２→ states out of K2(3Λｇ)+H2 collisions.

In the present paper, OH radicals generated by pulsed corona discharge in humidified air, N2 and Ar in a needle-plate reactor were measured by emission spectra. With the analysis of the emission spectra, the influence of pulse peak voltage and frequency on OH radical generation was investigated in the three kinds of background gases. The influence of the gas humidity on the generation and the distribution of OH radicals in the electric field was also discussed in detail. The authors studied the influence of the gas humidity on the generation of OH radicals in the electric field by the control of accurate change in humidity, and we also studied the distribution of OH radicals in the electric field in different background gases including humidified air, N2 and Ar by the accurate change in scales. The experiment shows that the output of OH radicals grows as the pulse peak voltage and frequency grow, but the influence of gas humidity on the process of generating OH radicals by pulsed corona discharge depends on the discharge background. The rules of the generation change when the background gases change. As the humidity in the background gases grows, the amount of OH radicals grows in the air, but it grows at first and decreases at last in N2, while it decreases at first and grows at last in Ar. The distribution of OH radical shows a trend of decreasing from the needle-electrode to its circumambience.

The technique of photoacoustic (PA) spectrum is based on the conversion of photon to acoustic energy by collision quenching of the excited molecules. It holds the characteristic of higher detection sensitivity, wide detection spectral region, no damage to the sample etc. It is used in many scientific observation areas such as gas composition analysis, research on chemistry and biology, environmental monitor and so on. In the present paper, the analytic formula of the PA signal produced from the interaction of intense laser with gas system was deduced by solving the dynamic rate equation about the interaction of photon and material. The results show that the magnitude of the PA signal depends on the factors of molecular absorption cross-section, laser intensity, photon number absorbed by the molecule and collision relaxation rate. With the aid of the relation of the PA signal versus laser intensity, the PA spectrum of NO molecule in the wavelength region of 420.0-470.0 nm is ascribed to the transition of X 2Π(v″=0)→A 2Σ(v′=0,1) and X 2Π(v″=0)→E 2Σ(v′=2, 3, 4), F 2Σ(v′=1,2,3) and R 2Σ(v′=0, 1). These transitions are realized via two or three-photon process. The vibration constants of NO A 2Σ, E 2Σ, F 2Σ and R 2Σ electronic states were calculated from the wavelength of the spectral peaks. They are 2 346, 2 342, 2 397 and 2 381 cm-1 respectively. The results are consistent with the one of other method. The phenomenon of saturation appears when the buffer gas pressure is high enough. This is owing to the finite excited molecules.

A deep red emission polymer (PPV-Q) was synthesized successfully. The photoluminescence, electroluminescence and absorption performance of this polymer were studied in detail. The experimental results show that the polymer has strong absorption in the ultraviolet and blue emission wavelength region. The effective excitation wavelength is about 463 nm. The organic emitting diodes based on the polymer as the active layer were prepared with the device structure: ITO/PPV-Q/Al. The electroluminescence of these devices was obtained and the peak emission wavelength is about 670 nm; the electroluminescence spectra have the full width at half maximum of about 90 nm. The CIE coordinate remains constant at (x=0.67, y=0.32) without change with the increase in driving voltage. The electroluminescence of this device (ITO/PPV-Q/Al) shows deep red emission. However, the current increases with the increase in driving voltage.

Three organic devices with different quantum well period were fabricated. The potential barrier layer and well layer for electrons were made of N,N’-diphenyl-N,N’-bis(1-napthyl)-1,1’-biphenyl l-4,4’-diamine(NPB) and 4,4,N,N’-dicarbazolebiphenyl(CBP). The photoluminescence quenching of these three devices under changed reverse voltages were studied. Results showed that photoluminescence quenching of NPB layer occurs more quickly than that of CBP layer in the authors’ devices. This is because that the effective electric field in NPB layer is higher than that in CBP layer. The excitons in NPB and CBP layer were easily to be dissociated when the quantum well period increased under the same reverse voltage. Since these three devices are type Ⅱ quantum well structure, the excitons in these devices are not very stable.

In the present work, the SnF2 powder was modified by silane coupling agent KBM403. The Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR) of the modified powder showed that KBM403 was absorbed on the surface of SnF2 particles through physical absorption besides a weak chemical absorption. Then the SnF2 powder was modified by the solution dissolved with stilbene 3. The modified SnF2 powder could improve the decentralization of stilbene 3 dopant. An organic-inorganic hybrid luminescence glass was prepared by doping the modified SnF2 powder with stilbene 3 into the low melting lead-tin-fluorophosphate (PTFP) glass. The excitation, emission and transmission (absorption) spectra were used to characterize the hybrid glass. The results showed that introducing KBM403 could improve solubility and decentralization of stilbene 3 in PTFP glass, reduce the concentration of stilbene 3 dimers, and increase the transparency and homogeneity of the glass. Meanwhile, the luminescence intensity of stilbene 3 in this hybrid glass increased evidently compared with that of the stilbene 3 doped glass. The effect was assumed to be the reduction of the quenching of luminescence from stilbene 3 dimer and the enhancement of the rigidity of stilbene 3 molecules due to the interaction between KBM403 and stilbene 3.

The chlorophyll-a concentration in waters is one of the main parameters of water color remote sensing in case Ⅱ waters. There is a reflectance peak in red band region because of inherent optical properties. Based on the coefficients of absorption and backscattering of waters, colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), tripton and chlorophyll-a, the reflectance of remote sensing was simulated according to the forward radiation transfer model without the consideration of fluorescence peak. The reflectance peak intensity and reflectance peak position at different wavelengths in red band region were analyzed with different chlorophyll-a concentration. There is a good linear relationship between the red reflectance peak intensity and chlorophyll-a concentration when the chlorophyll-a concentration is 1-50 μg?L-1. But the linear relationship between the reflectance peak intensity and chlorophyll-a concentration will decrease with the increasing chlorophyll-a concentration. When chlorophyll-a concentration is up to 1 000 μg?L-1, the logarithm relationship between the reflectance peak intensity and chlorophyll-a concentration is better than linear relationship. The wavelength position of reflectance peak in red band region will shift towards larger wavelength at logarithmic growth rate with increasing chlorophyll-a concentration, and the logarithm relationship will be more apparent with the inoreasing chlorophyll-a concentration. The same trend happens to the reflectance peak intensity and the wavelength position of peak in red region with different in-water constituents, such as CDOM, tripton and so on. Furthermore, according to the comparison with fluorescence peak, the authors also found that the reflectance peak intensity and the wavelength position of peak in red region are different from those of the fluorescence peak.

In the present paper, a new method named response variable transform (RVT) is proposed to reduce the effect of scattering in the NIR spectroscopy measurement. In the RVT method, the rates of the change in light intensity at different spatial positions with the concentration of the investigated composition are firstly sampled. Then, based on the sampled changing rates of light intensity, the absorption coefficients, which are used as new response variable, are calculated using the inverse adding-double (IAD) algorithm. Finally, through the partial least squares (PLS) regression, the calibration models for the investigated compositions are established using these new response variables. To validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method, the RVT method is applied to reduce the effect of scattering during the process of composition concentration measurement in milk. First, the relationships between the absorption coefficient and the concentrations of major compositions including fat and protein are analyzed. Then, with Monte Carlo simulations for different concentration levels of fat and protein, the influence of scattering on the relationship between the absorbency and the concentration is investigated and verified. Finally, for comparison, both the RVT method and the traditional preprocessing techniques are used to reduce the effect of scattering during the process of prediction model establishment. Experimental results showed that the prediction precision for fat and protein with the RVT method is increased by up to 33.9% and 46.5% than that with multiplicative signal correction (MSC) algorithm, and the prediction precision for fat and protein with the RVT method is increased by up to 55.9% and 33.7% than that with standard normal variate (SNV) algorithm, which also indicates that the RVT method is an effective method for eliminating the interference of scattering in the NIR spectroscopy measurement.

In the present paper, polylactic acid (PLA), poly (butylenes succinate) (PBS) and polycarbonate (PC) were selected as test coating materials, and the variations in their IR spectra under conditions of outdoor illumination and pot incubation were studied, aimed to approach the degradability of these coating materials under sunlight and in soil. The IR spectra showed that after 4 months under outdoor illumination and pot incubation with brown soil and black soil, all the test coating materials had definite variations in their structural configuration, being more obvious under pot incubation than under outdoor illumination, which suggested that the test materials were degradable, and the degradability was greater in soil than under sunlight. PC had the greatest degradability, followed by PLA, and PBS. The degradability of PLA and PC was greater in black soil than in brown soil, while that of PBS was reverse.

For the rapid detection of the total organic carbon (TOC) content and cation exchange capacity (CEC) in soil, visible/near infrared spectra (Vis/NIR) of 300 soil samples were analyzed. The algorithm of fast independent component analysis (FastICA) was used to decompose the data of Vis/NIR spectrum, and their independent components and the mixing matrix were obtained. Then, the calibration model with three-level artificial neural networks structure was built by using Back-Propagation (BP) algorithm. Genetic algorithm was used to revise the weights of neural networks to quicken the rate of convergence and overcome the problem of falling easily into local minimums, and finally the ICA-GA-BP model was built. The models were used to estimate the content of TOC and CEC in soil samples both in calibration set and predicted set. Correlation coefficient (R2) of prediction and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) were used as the evaluation indexes. The results indicate that the R for the prediction of TOC content and CEC can both reach 0.98. These indicated that the results of analysis were satisfiable based on ICA method, and offer a new approach to the fast prediction of components’ contents in soil.

The aim of the present paper was to provide new insight into Vis/NIR spectroscopic analysis of textile fibers. In order to achieve rapid identification of the varieties of fibers, the authors selected 5 kinds of fibers of cotton, flax, wool, silk and tencel to do a study with Vis/NIR spectroscopy. Firstly, the spectra of each kind of fiber were scanned by spectrometer, and principal component analysis (PCA) method was used to analyze the characteristics of the pattern of Vis/NIR spectra. Principal component scores scatter plot (PC1×PC2×PC3) of fiber indicated the classification effect of five varieties of fibers. The former 6 principal components (PCs) were selected according to the quantity and size of PCs. The PCA classification model was optimized by using the least-squares support vector machines (LS-SVM) method. The authors used the 6 PCs extracted by PCA as the inputs of LS-SVM, and PCA-LS-SVM model was built to achieve varieties validation as well as mathematical model building and optimization analysis. Two hundred samples (40 samples for each variety of fibers) of five varieties of fibers were used for calibration of PCA-LS-SVM model, and the other 50 samples (10 samples for each variety of fibers) were used for validation. The result of validation showed that Vis/NIR spectroscopy technique based on PCA-LS-SVM had a powerful classification capability. It provides a new method for identifying varieties of fibers rapidly and real time, so it has important significance for protecting the rights of consumers, ensuring the quality of textiles, and implementing rationalization production and transaction of textile materials and its production.

Solid state transformation of crude poly (ethylene terephthalate)(PET) and PET/nano-CaCO3 (MPET) composites were studied by variable temperature FTIR spectroscopy during the heating process from 40 to 250 ℃. The effects of nanometer calcium carbonate(nano-CaCO3) on the solid state transformation and crystal correlation bands of MPET composites were analyzed by the curves of the ratio of 1 342 and 1 410 cm-1 absorbency(A1 342/A1 410) with temperature increasing, and together with DSC curves in the same condition. The results showed that the crystallization degrees of crude PET and MPET are obviously different in this condition by adding nano-CaCO3 particles as inhomogeneous nucleating agents.

Using continuous two wavelength near-infrared technology to detect the variation in the consistency of oxygen hemoglobin in the muscle and the sports heart rate wireless real time collection technology, we devised the real time muscle tissue oxygenation and instantaneous heart rate experiment scheme and implemented it for the process of the 100 m run with two parameters given simultaneously. The experiment shows that the concentration of the oxygen hemoglobin in the muscle tissue continues decreasing after the end of the 100 m run, and the time interval between the moment when the concentration of the oxygen hemoglobin attains the minimum value and the moment when the athletes finish the 100 m run is (6.65±1.10) sec; while the heart rate continues increasing after the end of the 100 m run, and the time interval between the moment when the heart rate attains the maximum value and the moment when the athletes finish the 100 m run is (8.00±1.57) sec. The results show that the two wavelength near-infrared tissue oxygenation detection technology and the sports heart rate real time collection equipment can accurately measure the sports tissue oxygenation and the heart rate in the extreme intensity sport, and reveal the process of muscle oxygen transportation and consumption and its dynamic character with the heart rate in the extreme intensity sport.

FTIR spectra of fourth-generation space bred radix isatidis and FTIR spectra of radix isatidis in a ground group were determined on the whole. Comparative analysis was conducted on main constituents (components) to accumulate data for comprehensively understanding and thoroughly studying the inherent property, and to explore a method of evaluating the quality of space bred radix isatidis. The results showed that slight difference existed in the positions and shapes of the absorption peaks in FTIR spectra of samples between the two groups. The intensities of main absorption peaks of radix isatidis in the space group were strengthened to various degrees compared with those in the ground group .The absorption peaks were markedly enhanced at wave numbers of 1 047, 1 630 and 1 412 cm-1, indicating that the contents of polysaccharides, sterides, triterpenes and flavanoids, particularly polysaccharides with anti-viral efficacy, increased to different extents. The absorption peak intensity of space radix isatidis at the wave number of 1 745 cm-1 was weakened compared with that of radix isatidis in the ground group, suggesting the reduction of glycosides and organic acids. It is concluded that the contents of a plurality of active components of radix isatidis in the space group are elevated. New radix isatidis varieties with high contents of diverse active components can be harvested by spaceflight mutation breeding.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the feasibility of predicting the CNCPS (cornell net carbohydrate and protein system) composition of corn by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). Sixty-five corn samples from Heilongjiang province were used. The partial least square (PLS) regression method, second derivative and Norris derivative filter were applied in the NIRS prediction of CNCPS. For dry matter, crude protein, ash, fat, starch, neutral-detergent fiber and acid-detergent fiber, the determination coefficients were 0.974 3, 0.968 3, 0.947 8, 0.909 8, 0.977 7, 0.935 4 and 0.926 9, and the SD/RMSEP values for them were 3.96, 4.78, 3.75, 4.25, 4.13, 3.88 and 3.12, respectively. The determination coefficient and SD/RMSEP value were 0.857 5 and 3.06 for soluble protein, but low determination coefficients of 0.531 9 and 0.683 3 with SD/RMSEP values of 5.50 and 2.85 were observed for acid-detergent insoluble protein and neutral-detergent insoluble protein. If the SD/RMSEP value ＜5 and ＞3, then the effect of model is ideal, and if the SD/RMSEP value ＞5 or ＜3, the effect of model is not ideal, and at this time, the degree of accuracy of model needs further to be improved. The results of this study indicated that corn nutritive values could be fast and accurately predicted by NIRS. This model was significant in practice for enriching the rapid quantitative methods of determining animal feed materials.

Six kinds of bee pollens, including apricot pollen, lotus pollen, rape pollen, camellia pollen, watermelon pollen and corn poppy pollen, were identified non-destructively by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) combined with derivative spectra and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D) in the present article. Compared with conventional IR spectra of samples, some certain differences were found in the characteristic peaks of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates. Obvious differences of the six kinds of bee pollens were found in the second derivative spectra. And in the 2D-IR correlation spectra, the samples presented the differences in the position and intensity of the autopeaks and correlation peak clusters. Therefore, the three-step IR macro-fingerprint provides a more rapid and effective method for the identification of different kinds of bee pollens.

The aim of the present study was to establish the model of predicting the contents of chlorogenic acid and phillyrin in Shuanghuanglian oral fluid using NIR to realize quick quality evaluation of Shuanghuanglian oral fluid. To this end, many batches of Shuanghuanglian oral fluid were selected, and the contents of chlorogenic acid and phillyrin were determined using HPLC. Meanwhile, the NIR spectra of the same samples were determined. The model used to predict the contents of chlorogenic acid and phillyrin in Shuanghuanglian oral fluid was established by correlation analysis between the results gained by HPLC and NIR spectra. According to the value of RSEP and r, the method of data processing was chosen. The method of spectra processing and wavelength range or wave numbers were chosen based on the value of RMSECV. The method of data processing was SMLR. The original spectra were used to establish the model. The wave numbers in the model used to predict the contents of chlorogenic acid and phillyrin were 6 654.06/7 106.08 cm-1, and 5 456.06/7 222.08 cm-1 respectively. The RMSECV and the correlation coefficient of the best model of chlorogenic acid and phillyrin were 0.857 26, 0.889 87 and 0.857 26 and 0.889 87. The results of cross validation indicate that the predicting model was accurate and credible, and could be used as a rapid quality control method of Shuanghuanglian oral fluid.

A typical melamine kidney stone confirmed by some medicine expert was collected from the first people’s hospital of Yunnan. The kidney stone was adequately determined by PE corporation spectra 100(with resolution of 1 cm-1). The stone samples for FTIR analysis were prepared using the KBr pellet technique, where 2 mg of the pretreated stone powder was mixed with 200 mg of analytical grade KBr using an agate pestle and mortar. The digital spectrum was then scanned in the mid-infrared region from 4 000 to 400 cm-1 at room temperature. The appearing bands between 4 000 and 2 000 cm-1 were 3 487, 3 325, 3 162 and 2 788 cm-1, those between 1 700 and 1 000 cm-1 were 1 694, 1 555, 1 383, 1 340, 1 189 and 1 122 cm-1, and those between 1 000 and 400 cm-1 were 993, 782, 748, 709, 624, 585, 565 and 476 cm-1. It was found that the main constituent of calculi showed few comparability with cat kidney stone, which was from cats that died after consuming the contaminated food, and confirmed that these deposits were primarily composed of melamine and cyanuric acid compared to the IR spectra of calculi in literature.It was also found that the main constituent of calculi showed few comparability with popular kidney stone by comparison with the IR spectra of calculi in literature. The spectrum of calculi was 50% respectively similar with melamine and uric acid as compared with the IR spectrum. It was found that the main constituent of calculi was melamine itself and uric acid as compared with the IR spectra of calculi and melamine: (1∶1), because the spectrum of calculi was 83.3% similar to melamine and uric acid (1∶1). The appearing bands of melamine and uric acid (1∶1) between 4 000 and 2 000 cm-1 were 3 469, 3 419, 3 333, 3 132, 3 026, 2 827 cm-1, those between 1 700 and 1 000 cm-1 were 1 696, 1 656, 1 555, 1 489, 1 439, 1 350, 1 311, 1 198, 1 124 and 1 028 cm-1, and those between 1 000 and 400 cm-1 were 993, 878, 814, 784, 745, 708, 619, 577 and 475 cm-1.

The geometrical structures of several Raman probe molecules were optimized using density functional theory (DFT) of the hybrid density functional B3LYP method and 6-311++G** basis set. Their energy gap, nucleus independent chemical shift(NICS), polarizability and vibration spectrum were studied. The theoretical results showed that: 4-MPY, MBA and PATP had planar structures, the angle of BDT between S-H and benzene ring plane was 20.2°, and the 4-MBT was 39.6° ; they all have a strong aroma and a large value of polarization. The order of the average of molecular hyperpolarizability tensor was BDT>4-MBT>4-MBA>4-MPY>PATP, and the trends of polarizability anisotropy invariant were 4-MBA>4-MBT>BDT>PATP>4-MPY.

The nano silver film was prepared by electrolysis method using silver nitrate and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in deionized water as the electrolyte, with four glass slides put in the electrolyte and two silver rods dipped into the electrolyte as the anode and cathode. A direct current was applied to the rods, then the four glass slides stayed in the silver colloids. Thus the authors got the nano silver film. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to detect the silver particles in the silver colloids and on the nano silver film. From the SEM we can see that the silver particles on the film formed different layers. In one layer, the distance between two particles was about 100 nm. The samples of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae (Xoo) were 7 different kinds of bacterial blight, namely 1-YN1, 2-YN7, 3-YN11, 4-GD414, 5-SCYC6, 6-HEN11 and 7-FWJ. Because the silver particles in the colloids were aggregated on the film, there was large electromagnetic potentiation. So the SERS spectra of Xoo were perfect. The authors used the area analytical method to distinguish the different kinds of Xoo. The silver film prepared by electrolysis was cheap and active, the preparation time of the samples was short, and any normal chemistry lab can make it, which can find excellent application to detecting the Xoo in agriculture. On the other hand, this film is active on biomolecules and bioorganism, which may be a new kind of SERS fundus to explain the creation of the SERS. Further study was under way.

By testing the Raman spectra of megacryst pyroxene, enstatite and diopside in terms of location, shape and intensity, the symmetries of the main spectral band of pyroxene and the vibration modes of Raman shift were identified. The spectral bands of corresponding ionic groups such as non-bridge oxygen Si—O- and bridge oxygen Si—O0, O—Si—O and M—O were assigned for vibrational mode. Through the change in the intensity of the spectral band in different section direction and the deficiency of some spectral bands, the orientation problem in mineral crystallography was preliminarily studied.

Due to its high sensitivity, good selectivity and nondestructivity nature, fluorescence technique is suitable to the study of DOM. In the present study, fluorescence characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from three different ages of landfill leachate (1a, 5a, 10a) under different pH value were investigated. The fluorescence synchronous scan spectroscopy showed that, in addition to the characteristic each age of landfill leachate owned separately, DOM from three ages of landfill leachate shared some common characteristics with the change in pH as follows: the fluorescence peaks of DOM exhibited in synchronous scan spectroscopy from 1 and 5-year-old leachate showed the maximum fluorescence intensity at pH 5, while that of DOM from 10-year-old landfill leachate appeared at pH 12, and the fluorescence intensity of most fluorescence peaks of DOM from 10-year-old landfill leachate exhibited in synchronous scan spectroscopy at pH 4 ranked second. The three-dimensional fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy (3DEEM) suggested that the fluorescence intensity of the protein-like peaks of DOM from all three ages of landfill leachate increased with pH value increasing, and the maximum fluorescence occurred at pH 10, while that of DOM from 10-year-old appeared at pH 8; the fluorescence intensity of the visible fulvic-like peaks of DOM from all three ages of landfill leachate was enhanced with pH increasing, and exhibited the maximum fluorescence intensity at pH 10, while the relation curve between the fluorescence intensity of the UV fulvic-like and pH value of DOM from all three year ages of landfill leachate exhibited two peaks, one occurred at pH 4, and the other appeared at pH 10.3 DEEM also indicated that compared to the fluvic-like matter, the protein-like matter was more easily influenced by pH value. The relation between the r(A,C) value and pH value suggested that the former relied on the latter. If we would compare the r(A,C) values of DOM originating differently, the authors should compare each other under the same pH value.

The present research investigated the effect of dynamic high pressure microfluidization (DHPM) in low pressure ranges (60-100 MPa) on the molecular structure of papain with the help of fluorescence spectra as the detection method. The result showed that after the treatment of DHPM at 60-100 MPa, the fluorescence intensity of papain, tryptophan (Trp) and tyrosine (Tyr) residues all decreased to different extents. Meanwhile, with the increase in the treatment pressure, their fluorescence intensity would gradually increase and the fluorescence emission peak would gradually red shift from 334 and 277.5 nm before treatment to 335 and 278 nm after 100 MPa treatment for papain and Trp residue respectively; after the treatment, with the samples being placed at 0-4 ℃ for 24 h, the fluorescence spectra of papain, Tyr and Trp residues in various experiment groups basically maintained the same changing tendency compared to that of newly treated samples. Hence, it showed that after the treatment of DHPM in low pressure ranges, the Trp residue of papain was gradually brought to light and formed new and comparatively stable molecular conformation.

It is the first time ionic liquid was applied to gas solvent sublation, which established a new method for separation/enrichment of tetracyclines(TCs) antibiotic based on ionic liquid gas solvent sublation. The optimizing experimental conditions were as follows: the mixture of ionic liquid 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazo lium hexafluorophosphats and ethy1 acetate (［Hmim］PF6-EA, φ=1/0.9) can be used as flotation solvent, Fe(Ⅲ) ion was as trapping agent, pH of test solution was 7.6, the gas flow rate was 40 mL?min-1, and the flotation time was 50 min. The complexes of TCs- Fe(Ⅲ) were pre-concentrated in the ［Hmim］PF6-EA layer and this was used to determine analytes by fluorescence method directly. The linear regression equation was F=246.5c+4.32 (c: μg?10 mL-1), and correlation coefficient was 0.999 1. Recoveries between 94.2% and 100.4% were achieved from surface water and sediment samples in ponder by using this method and the relative standard deviation of 5 μg?mL-1 TCs for 5 parallel determinations was less than 3.2%. FTIR spectroscopy demonstrated that no chemical (bonding) interactions occurred between the ionic liquid and the complexes functional groups, and the ionic liquid was only solvent. The experimental result indicated that utilizing ionic liquid to float TCs in environmental sample is feasible.

In the present paper, thioredoxin-fused gibberellin-induced cysteine-rich protein from Gymnadnia conopsea, desigated as Trx-GcGASA and expressed prokaryotically, was purified and identified by using Ni2+-NTA affinity chromatography column and SDS-PAGE, and then its intrinsic fluorescence was investigated in the absence and presence of dithiothreitol (DTT), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), peroxide and guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl) by means of steady-state fluorescence spectroscopic methods. It was found that (1) at the neutral pH Trx-GcGASA had maximum fluorescence emission at 305 nm following excitation at different wavelengths varying from 250 to 280 nm, which was ascribed to the fluorescence emission from tyrosine residues. (2) The reduction of disulphide bonds lead to the changes in the relative fluorescence intensity between tyrosine and tryptophan residues from 0.7 to 1.8. (3) Both Tyr and Trp residues underwent 12%-21% decrease in fluorescence intensity with the addition of 0.5 mmol?L-1 GSSG or 5 mmol?L-1 peroxide. The latter was roughly consistent with the antioxidative activity reported in vivo. (4) No matter whether 1 mmol?L-1 DTT was absent or present, the fusion protein could not be fully unfolded with λmax<350 nm following the treatment of 6 mol?L-1 GdnHCl. (5) Fusion protein Trx-GcGASA experienced GdnHCl-induced denaturation process, and the unfolding equilibrium curve could be well fitted by using two-state model, giving the Gibbs free energy change (ΔG) of 3.7 kJ?mol－1. However, it was not the case for reduced Trx-GcGASA protein. The aforementioned experimental results will not only provide some guides to investigate the effects of fusion partner Trx on the unfolding thermodynamics, kinetics and refolding process of Trx-GcGASA, but also will be useful for further studies on the strucuture of GA-induced cysteine-rich protein with the help of spectroscopic methods.

On the base of absorption spectra in the range from 0.2 to 2.6 THz of seven common dangerous goods using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) technique, the THz absorption spectra of seven dangerous goods were identified successfully by fuzzy recognition. Using different feature absorption peaks of explosive and illegal drugs such as RDX, γ-HNIW, DNT, MA and Ketamine as data source of fuzzy cluster analysis, fuzzy similar matrix was built by correlation coefficient, fuzzy equivalent matrix was obtained by the method of transitive closure, standard model bank of THz absorption spectra was formed, and data were preprocessed by range analysis and compute Hamming approach degree. It was concluded that uninspected goods were RDX hidden behind the uniform and MDA. The research indicated that different feature absorption by interactions between molecules and phonon resonance mode is the basis for determining the type and category of dangerous goods, it is feasible to apply fuzzy recognition to the identification of dangerous goods, providing an effective new method for the secure inspection and identification of threats using THz-TDS technique.

Due to the need of snow monitoring and the impact of the global change on the snow, on the basis of the traditional research on snow, starting from the perspective of multi-angle polarized reflectance, we analyzed the influencing factors of snow from the incidence zenith angles, the detection zenith angles, the detection azimuth angles, polarized angles, the density of snow, the degree of pollution, and the background of the undersurface. It was found that these factors affected the spectral reflectance values of the snow, and the effect of some factors on the polarization hyperspectral reflectance observation is more evident than in the vertical observation. Among these influencing factors, the pollution of snow leads to an obvious change in the snow reflectance spectrum curve, while other factors have little effect on the shape of the snow reflectance spectrum curve and mainly impact the reflection ratio of the snow. Snow reflectance polarization information has not only important theoretical significance, but also wide application prospect, and provides new ideas and methods for the quantitative research on snow using the remote sensing technology.

Once the total viable count (TVC) of bacteria in fresh pork meat exceeds a certain number, it will become pathogenic bacteria. The present paper is to explore the feasibility of hyperspectral imaging technology combined with relevant modeling method for the prediction of TVC in fresh pork meat. For the certain kind of problem that has remarkable nonlinear characteristic and contains few samples, as well as the problem that has large amount of data used to express the information of spectrum and space dimension, it is crucial to choose a logical modeling method in order to achieve good prediction result. Based on the comparative result of partial least-squares regression (PLSR), artificial neural networks (ANNs) and least square support vector machines (LS-SVM), the authors found that the PLSR method was helpless for nonlinear regression problem, and the ANNs method couldn’t get approving prediction result for few samples problem, however the prediction models based on LS-SVM can give attention to the little training error and the favorable generalization ability as soon as possible, and can make them well synchronously. Therefore LS-SVM was adopted as the modeling method to predict the TVC of pork meat. Then the TVC prediction model was constructed using all the 512 wavelength data acquired by the hyperspectral imaging system. The determination coefficient between the TVC obtained with the standard plate count for bacterial colonies method and the LS-SVM prediction result was 0.987 2 and 0.942 6 for the samples of calibration set and prediction set respectively, also the root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) and the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) was 0.207 1 and 0.217 6 individually, and the result was considerably better than that of MLR, PLSR and ANNs method. This research demonstrates that using the hyperspectral imaging system coupled with the LS-SVM modeling method is a valid means for quick and nondestructive determination of TVC of pork meat.

The present paper aims to quantitatively retrieve nitrogen content in apple flowers, so as to provide an important basis for apple informationization management. By using ASD FieldSpec 3 field spectrometer, hyperspectral reflectivity of 120 apple flower samples in full-bloom stage was measured and their nitrogen contents were analyzed. Based on the apple flower original spectrum and first derivative spectral characteristics, correlation analysis was carried out between apple flowers original spectrum and first derivative spectrum reflectivity and nitrogen contents, so as to determine the sensitive bands. Based on characteristic spectral parameters, prediction models were built, optimized and tested. The results indicated that the nitrogen content of apple was very significantly negatively correlated with the original spectral reflectance in the 374-696, 1 340-1 890 and 2 052-2 433 nm, while in 736-913 nm they were very significantly positively correlated; the first derivative spectrum in 637-675 nm was very significantly negatively correlated, and in 676-746 nm was very significantly positively correlated. All the six spectral parameters established were significantly correlated with the nitrogen content of apple flowers. Through further comparison and selection, the prediction models built with original spectral reflectance of 640 and 676 nm were determined as the best for nitrogen content prediction of apple flowers. The test results showed that the coefficients of determination (R2) of the two models were 0.825 8 and 0.893 6, the total root mean square errors (RMSE) were 0.732 and 0.638 6, and the slopes were 0.836 1 and 1.019 2 respectively. Therefore the models produced desired results for nitrogen content prediction of apple flowers with average prediction accuracy of 92.9% and 94.0%. This study will provide theoretical basis and technical support for rapid apple flower nitrogen content prediction and nutrition diagnosis.

The spectrum reflectance and pigment contents of cotton leaves infected with Verticillium wilt were measured in cotton disease nursery and field in different growth phases, and severity level of Verticillium wilt was investigated. The correlation between pigment contents of cotton leaves with Verticillium wilt and spectra reflectance, the first derivative of reflectance and spectral characteristic parameters were analyzed respectively. The estimation models about leaves pigment contents of disease cotton were established and tested. The results indicated that the correlations were best significant between chlorophyll a, b and a+b contents of leaves and spectral reflectance in visible wave bands, the first derivative spectrum at the wavelength regions of blue edge, yellow edge and red edge, and all spectral characteristic parameters (excluding red edge swing Dr). The models of transformed chlorophyll absorption in reflectance index (TCAR) and the new model of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI ［702,758］) had best estimated precision, and the relative errors were in average within 1.3%. Given that the model of NDVI ［702,758］ is very simple and practical, it was commended as a best model to estimate chlorophyll a, b and a+b contents of disease cotton. This study shows that leaves hyperspectra data can be used to estimate the pigment contents of cotton leaves quantitatively. This conclusion has also great practice and application value for monitoring the growth state and disease influence evaluation on cotton by using hyperspectral remote sensing.

The research on multispectral data disposal is getting more and more attention with the development of multispectral technique, capturing data ability and application of multispectral technique in agriculture practice. In the present paper, a cultivated plant cucumber’ familiar disease (Trichothecium roseum, Sphaerotheca fuliginea, Cladosporium cucumerinum, Corynespora cassiicola, Pseudoperonospora cubensis) is the research objects. The cucumber leaves multispectral images of 14 visible light channels, near infrared channel and panchromatic channel were captured using narrow-band multispectral imaging system under standard observation and illumination environment, and 210 multispectral data samples which are the 16 bands spectral reflectance of different cucumber disease were obtained. The 210 samples were classified by distance, relativity and BP neural network to discuss effective combination of classified methods for making a diagnosis. The result shows that the classified effective combination of distance and BP neural network classified methods has superior performance than each method, and the advantage of each method is fully used. And the flow of recognizing horticultural plant diseases using combined classified methods is presented.

Because of frequent mining, heavy metals are brought into environment like soils, water and atmosphere, resulting heavy metal contamination in the agricultural region beside mines. Heavy metals contamination causes vegetation stress like destruction of chloroplast structure, chlorophyll content decrease, blunt photosynthesis, etc. Spectral responses to changes in chlorophyll content and photosynthesis make it possible that remote sensing is applied in monitoring heavy metals stress on paddy plants. Field spectroradiometer was used to acquire canopy reflectance spectra of paddy plants contaminated by heavy metals released from local mining. The present study was conducted to (1) investigate discrimination of canopy reflectance spectra of heavy metal polluted and normal paddy plants; (2) extract spectral characteristics of contaminated paddy plants and compare them. By means of correlation analysis, sensitive bands (SB) were firstly picked out from canopy spectra. Secondly, on the basis of these sensitive bands, normalized difference vegetation indices (NDVI) were established, and then red edge position (REP) was extracted from canopy spectra via curve fitting of inverted Gaussian model. As a result of correlation analysis, 460, 560, 660 and 1 100 nm were considered respectively as sensitive band for Pb, Zn, Cu and As concentration in paddy leaves. Furthermore, heavy metal concentrations (Pb, Zn, Cu and As) were significantly correlated with NDVIs (Pb, NDVI(510, 810)； Zn, NDVI(510, 870)； Cu, NDVI(660, 870); As, NDVI(510, 810)). Heavy metals were also significantly correlated with REP, however, the inflexion termed as spectral critical value (SCV) between low and high heavy metals concentrations should be considered during applying REP in remote sensing monitoring. Moreover, NDVI and REP are much better than SB in terms of capability of expressing spectral information. Therefore, heavy metals contamination in paddy plants can be remotely monitored via ground spectroradiometer when NDVI and REP are selected as spectral characteristics.

In the present work, the CdSe/ZnSe core/shell quantum dots (QDs) were successfully transferred from organic phase to water phase via a two-phase solution system process by surface coating with amphiphilic polymer. Surface coating with amphiphilic polymer is an effective method, which can form stable soluble QDs in water. However, the conventional polymer coating method is performed in homogeneous phase, and it easily induces the aggregation of the QDs attributing to the long chain of enlace of the polymer. It is thus necessary and meaningful to develop surface coating technique for getting monodisperse coating QDs with amphiphilic polymer. In comparison with previously reported coating method, the authors’ experiment process is performed in two-phase solution system, and can effectively reduces the possibility of aggregation of the QDs. The resulting hydrophilic CdSe/ZnSe core/shell QDs have long term stability in water, and high quantum yield. The polymer coating process was affirmed by various characterizations. Fourier transform infrared spectra suggest that the octylamine modified polymer was successfully coated on the surface of the CdSe/ZnSe QDs. The transmission electron microscopy suggests that the size and shape of the QDs showed no obvious change before and after the coating process. Dynamic light scattering results indicate that the hydrophilic QDs exhibit narrow hydrodynamic size distribution with the mean hydrodynamic diameters of about 19.7 nm. The luminescence properties of the QDs were investigated with photoluminescence spectra and ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra. This polymer coating process has less effect on luminescence capability. The quantum yield decreased from 43% to 30%. Further, in order to confirm that the polymer capped QDs is biocompatible, the QDs were used for specific detection of the human IgG with fluorescence mapping. The specific molecular recognition capacity of goat anti-human IgG-modified QDs confirms that the polymer coated QDs have compatible functional chemical groups for bioconjugation and are suitable for biological applications.

Based on the principles of organizational optics, the noninvasive tissue oxygenation saturation monitor was developed. The monitor was used to continuously monitor the changes in regional oxygen index of the thigh vastus lateralis in 101 volunteers, who performed an incremental intensity exercise on bicycle ergometer. Among the volunteers, 42 are athletes, 25 are patients whose spleens are asthenic, and the other 34 are controls. Hemoglobin concentration (ｃtHb) measured was heavily influenced by the thickness of fattiness; however, regional oxygen saturation (rSO2) was influenced much lightly. In the experiment, following increasing exercise intensity of the volunteers, their ｃtHb increased, while their rSO2 decreased. When the volunteers stopped the exercise, both of their ｃtHb and rSO2 increased quickly. The results showed that the regional saturation of oxygen of muscle was closely correlated with physical performance. The changes of regional saturation of oxygen of muscle can be used to evaluate the balance between supply and consumption of oxygen, and quantitatively assess the capability of oxidative metabolism in muscles.

Dynamic spectrum (DS) detection is attractive among the numerous noninvasive blood component detection methods because of the elimination of the main interference of the individual discrepancy and measure conditions. DS is a kind of spectrum extracted from the photoelectric pulse wave and closely relative to the artery blood. It can be used in a noninvasive blood component concentration examination. The key issues in DS detection are high detection precision and high operation speed. The precision of measure can be advanced by making use of over-sampling and lock-in amplifying on the pick-up of photoelectric pulse wave in DS detection. In the present paper, the theory expression formula of the over-sampling and lock-in amplifying method was deduced firstly. Then in order to overcome the problems of great data and excessive operation brought on by this technology, a quick algorithm based on LabVIEW and a method of using external C code applied in the pick-up of photoelectric pulse wave were presented. Experimental verification was conducted in the environment of LabVIEW. The results show that by the method presented, the speed of operation was promoted rapidly and the data memory was reduced largely.

The reflectance of pure water is very low at visible and near infrared bands. Its spectral characteristics are not obvious. Water always shows dark hue in optical remote sensing images. This dark hue causes the difficulties in water remote sensing identification. There is an interesting phenomenon when the authors research the water polarization spectroscopy. The authors measured water’s polarization spectra and reflectance spectra at different view zenith angles using the ASD spectrometer. When the view zenith angle was zero (measured vertically), as the spectrum people commonly measure, there was no polarization phenomenon at the water surface, and the reflectance was low at each band. Along with the increase in view zenith angle, the DOP spectra curves increased evidently, while the reflectance curves only changed a little. When the view zenith angle was over 30 degree, the values of DOP spectrum were much larger than the reflectance spectrum values at the entire visible and near infrared bands. At some bands, the DOP value was several dozen times than its reflectance value. This phenomenon shows that the water’s brightness in DOP image is much higher than its brightness in intensity image under the same condition. This rule was verified by the PARASOL multiangle polarization satellite data. Comparing the average brightness of DOP images with the average brightness of intensity images at 490, 670 and 865 nm band, the former is higher than the latter apparently. The brighter DOP images are better for water remote sensing identification. It is the first time that the authors found this special multiangle polarization spectral character of water. It revealed the advantage of water detection using the multiangle polarization remote sensing data. This method solved the low reflectivity problem of water color remote sensing. It will greatly improve the capability of water remote sensing identification and the retrieval accuracy of water quality parameters.

It is important to identify pigments of painting and colored drawing in ancient architectures in order to restore and conserve them. The components of green pigments were detected with X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX). Twenty-seven samples were collected from painting and colored drawing in northern Chinese ancient architectures in Beijing, Shanxi province and Gansu province. The experiment results showed that emerald green ［CuCH3COO］2? Cu(AsO2)2］, a complex of copper aceto-arsenite pigment, had been used as the colored component in fifteen samples, whereas organic materials synthesized in the rest. However, in all samples there were no malachite and atacamite, green pigments commonly used in ancient time a long time ago. These two pigments have been found in Qin Shihuang’s Terracotta Army and the wall paintings at Mogao Grettoes, Dunhuang, and some other famous wall paintings and color pottery figurines. However, emerald green was used many years later. It was reported that emerald green was synthesized by Germany in 1814 and had been widely used in China as watercolor on pith paper works and on scroll paintings since the 1850s. Because painting and colored drawing in ancient architectures stands outside, under sunlight and rain, it must be repaired and repainted in less than fifty years. Therefore, it is not surprising that emerald green was used in them. In recent years, artificial organic materials are increasingly used in painting and colored drawing in ancient architectures. From experiments it was also showed that in the same recolored painting and colored drawing, organic materials are usually in the later layers, but emerald green is in the earlier layers. This work supplies a lot of data for the purpose of selecting restoration materials and identifying painting and colored drawing in ancient architectures with a new method.

Trichokonin Ⅵ, a peptaibol-like antimicrobial peptides isolated from the cultured substrates of trichoderma koningii SMF2, has 20 amino acid residues. The conformational flexibility of trichokonin Ⅵ in organic solvents with different polarities, aqueous solvents and membrane mimic solvents was studied by circular dichroism spectroscopy. Trichokonin Ⅵ takes on a typical α-helical structure in different organic solvents, but helicity decreases in aqueous solvent. The helical content increases with increasing the concentration of TFE up to 30%. In phosphate buffered saline, the CD spectrum of trichokonin Ⅵ is concentration dependent, and the intensity of the peaks increases with increasing the concentration of trichokonin Ⅵ. SDS induces a significant transition towards a helix formation, and the CD spectra in membrane mimic solvents increase helicity compared with those recorded without membrane mimic solvents, suggesting the interaction of the peptides with the membrane.

The effects of the stability of dye laser on the signal to noise ratio in degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) were first investigated in iodine vapor using forward geometries. Frequency-doubled outputs from a multi-mode Nd∶YAG laser pumped dye laser with laser dye PM580 dissolved in ethanol was used. With the help of forward compensated beam-split technique and imaging detecting system, the saturation intensity of DFWM spectrum in the iodine vapor at 5 554.013 nm was first measured to be 290 μJ under the condition of atmospheric pressure and room temperature. The features of the dye laser such as wavelength ranges, beam quality and energy conversion efficiency decreased gradually with increasing pumping service use, pulse number and intensity. Additionally, with the comparison of the stable and unstable dye laser output, it was found that the instability of dye laser output had greatly influenced the DFWM signal and decreased the signal to background noise ratio. Shot to shot jitter and the broadening in the output frequency leads to an effective broadening of the recorded spectrum and loss of the DFWM signal to noise ratio under the same pumping intensity at different time. The study is of importance to the detection of trace atom, molecule and radical in combustion diagnosis.

Dynamic spectrum method was used to noninvasive measurement of human neutrophilic granulocyte percent for the first time. In vivo measurements were carried out in 21 healthy volunteers, and parital least-squares was used to establish the calibration model of subjects’ neutrophilic granulocyte percent values against dynamic spectrum data. Twenty one samples were classified into calibration set and prediction set, and the calibration was used to establish the calibration model, in which cross validation and leave-one-out method was used to test the best number of factors influencing the PLS calibration models. For calibration set, the correlation coefficient was 0.922, the root mean square error of the calibration set obtained by cross-validation (RMSECV) was1.776%, the biggest relative error was 5.85%, and the average relative error was 4.13%, which promise the good calibration effect. Prediction was carried out to certify the prediction ability of calibration model. And the correlation coefficient of prediction was 0.912, the root mean square error of the prediction set (RMSEP) was 2.930%, the biggest relative error of prediction was 6.74%, and the average relative error was 5.07%, which certify that the calibration model has good prediction ability. Measurement results show that the influences of measuring conditions on spectra can be decreased effectively by dynamic spectrum method and this method can be applied to accurate invasive measurement of human neutrophilic granulocyte percent. It can be a good method for noninvasive blood analysis, which makes great sense to clinical application.

Based on aquatic optics Monte Carlo hyperspectral simulation, the interactions between spectral characteristics of chlorophyll a, total suspended matter (TSM) and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) were discussed. The result shows that the nonlinear and spectrally varying interactions between different water components are extremely highly asymmetric. The existing of chlorophyll a and CDOM has little effects on the characteristic wavebands selection and information retrieval of TSM, while the effects of TSM on chlorophyll a are obvious. With the stepwise additions of TSM, the response of chlorophyll a to its concentration becomes weak. When the concentration of TSM increases to a certain degree, the spectral response of chlorophyll a concentration will disappear. Even at the sensitivity waveband of chlorophyll a such as 670 nm, when the TSM is in high concentration, the spectral reflectance will not change with chlorophyll a concentration, which lead to difficulty to extract the chlorophyll a concentration in turbid water dominated by suspended matter. The existing of CDOM causes the blue and green band ratio algorithm to fail when the chlorophyll a is in middle to high concentration. The spectral effects on CDOM of the water body dominated by TSM are more obvious than that dominated by chlorophyll a. There are strong inhibition effects of TSM on the CDOM spectral properties in the short bands. The research results can provide theoretical basis for characteristic waveband selection, the application scope of water component concentration inversion algorithm and the waveband setting for case 2 water remote sensing.

The interaction between astragalin (AST) from lotus leaf and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in Tris-HCl buffer (pH=7.4) was investigated by the application of fluorescence spectroscopy and ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy, the effects of ionic strength and anion quencher KI on the fluorescence intensity of AST from lotus leaf and the system of AST-DNA were explored, and the competitive binding to DNA between AST from lotus leaf and Neutral Red(NR)dye was also studied. The results demonstrated that AST could bind to DNA and the formed complex quenched the intrinsic fluorescence of AST from lotus leaf through static quenching mechanism. The quenching rate constants of biomolecule(Kq)of the reaction of DNA with AST from lotus leaf were calculated to be 3.120×1012 and 2.630×1012 L?mol-1?s-1 by Stern-Volumer equation, the corresponding binding constants(Kd)were computed to be 3.412×104 and 1.762×104 L?mol-1 and the number of binding sites(n) was counted to be 1.007 and 0.962 between AST from lotus leaf and DNA at 298 and 308 K, respectively. When bound to DNA, the AST from lotus leaf showed hypochromic effect and red shift in the absorption spectra. It was also found that different ionic strength had little or no effect on the fluorescence intensity of AST and AST-DNA, but the fluorescence intensity of AST-DNA quenched by anionic quencher KI was much less than that of free AST. AST could be intercalated into DNA and displaced the NR from the NR-DNA complex. It was showed that AST from lotus leaf could combine with DNA in the mode of intercalation.

The interaction of ofloxacin (OFLX) and levofloxacin (L-OFLX) with calf thymus DNA(ctDNA)was studied by absorption spectra, fluorescence spectra, fluorescence polarization, and K3Fe(CN)6 quenching tests to show the interaction differences and binding modes. The experimental results of absorption spectra indicated that when ctDNA was added to the solution of OFLX or L-OFLX and its concentration was increased, the hypochromic effects in the absorption spectra of OFLX or L-OFLX were observed, and no changes in its maximum absorption wavelengths were found. Fluorescence spectroscopy was an appropriate method to study the interactions between small molecule ligands and biomacromolecule. From the measurements of emission peaks, transfer efficiency of energy, lifetime and so on, a vast amount of information about the interaction will be given. The experimental results indicated that the fluorescence quenching effects of OFLX and L-OFLX were not initiated by the dynamic collision according to the Stern-Volmer equation, and caused by the static quenching of compounds formation. From the Scatchard equation, its association constants were obtained for OFLX and L-OFLX to be 1.15×105 and 3.75×105 L?mol-1, respectively. On the basis of the absorption spectra and the association constants, it was showed that the interaction between L-OFLX and ctDNA was stronger than that of OFLX and ctDNA. There are three modes for the binding of small molecules to DNA double helix: electrostatic binding, groove binding and intercalative binding. The interaction modes between OFLX, L-OFLX and ctDNA were studied by fluorescence polarization, the K3Fe(CN)6 quenching tests and so on. The results showed that the interaction modes of OFLX and L-OFLX with ctDNA were both groove binding.

In pH 7.0 tris-HCl buffer solutions and in the presence of 0.017 mol?L-1 NaCl, herring sperm DNA was combined with gold nanoparticles in size of 10 nm to form stable complex, and the NaCl did not cause the aggregation of the gold nanoparticles. Upon addition of Hg2+, that reacted with DNA to form more stable complex of Hg2+-DNA, and the gold nanoparticles aggregated to from larger nanogold clusters that led to considerable enhancement of the resonance scattering intensity at 572 nm enhanced considerably. The effect of GN concentration, DNA concentration, NaCl concentration, incubation time, and temperature, and ultrasonic irradiation was considered respectively, the conditions of 3.87 μg?mL-1 GN, 11.7 μg?mL-1 DNA, pH 7.0 Tris-HCl buffer solutions, 17 mmol?L-1 NaCl, and incubation 10 min at 37 ℃ under the ultrasonic irradiation were chosen for use. Under the conditions, the enhanced resonance scattering intensity at 572 nm was linear to the Hg2+ concentration in the range of 3.3-3 333.3 nmol?L-1, with regress equation of ΔI572 nm=0.019c+5.0, coefficient of 0.999 1, and a detection limit of 2.5 nmol?L-1 Hg2+. Results of interference tests showed that 30 μmol?L-1 Mn2+, 33 μmol?L-1 Mg2+ and Zn2+, 100 μmol?L-1 Cd2+, 200 μmol?L-1 Fe3+, and 420 μmol?L-1 Mo6+, Pb2+ and Cu2+ did not interfered with the determination of 0.33 μmol?L-1 Hg2+. That is, this resonance scattering spectral assay is of good selectivity. This assay was applied to the detection of Hg(Ⅱ) in water sample, with a relative standard deviation of 5.1%, and the results were in agreement with that of the cool vapor atomic absorption spectrophotometry.

Previous researches on ocean optics and ocean color were based on the assumption that inherent optical properties and optically significant constituents of seawater are homogeneous in the vertical direction. However, oceanographic observations show that the assumption is not always exact and the vertical inhomogeneity of them exists in the upper ocean. The purpose of the present research is to study the effect of nonuniform vertical profiles of chlorophyll concentration on apparent optical properties with radiative transfer model Hydrolight. The vertical profiles of chlorophyll concentration were approximated according to a Gaussian function (Lewis et al, 1983). The apparent optical properties of seawater with nonuniform chlorophyll concentration profiles were simulated with Hydrolight radiative transfer model and case-1 bio-optical model, and then compared with those for homogenous ocean whose chlorophyll concentration was identical to the background chlorophyll concentration of inhomogenous cases. The results reveal that the subsurface maximal chlorophyll concentration increases the remote sensing reflectance at the blue wavelength and decreases it at the green wavelength, nonuniform vertical profiles of chlorophyll concentration change the diffuse attenuation coefficient profiles and the angular structure of the light field in the seawater, and the diffuse attenuation coefficients maximum and average cosines minimum appear at the depth of the maximal chlorophyll concentration.

The effect of dynamic high pressure microfluidization on the microstructure of ovalbumin was studied by CD spectra, XRD spectra, ANS fluorescence probe emission spectra and UV absorption spectra. The results indicated that the changes in the microstructure were dependent on the pressure. CD spectra were used to examine the changes in the secondary structure of the ovalbumin treated by different pressures. When the pressure increased, the mutual transformation between α-helix, β-sheet, β-turn and the random coil was observed. The orderliness of the secondary structure was increased with increasing the pressure. XRD spectra analysis showed that the crystal structure content of the ovalbumin treated increased with increasing the pressure and the largest data was observed at 160 MPa, indicating that the orderliness of the secondary structure was increased. The results were similar to CD spectra analysis. The ANS fluorescence probe emission spectra analysis demonstrated that the dynamic high pressure microfluidization induced an increase in surface hydrophobicity following high pressure treatment, while the largest data was observed at 120 MPa. In addition, UV absorption spectra analysis indicated that dynamic high pressure microfluidization treatment also resulted in a decrease in the UV-absorption maximum wavelength with increasing the pressure, indicating that the aromatic amino acid was buried in the molecular interior and the three dimensional structure of ovalbumin was changed.

Real-time monitoring technique for process parameters and/or insight variables of chemical synthetic ingredients is a novel chemical process analysis method, which can real time monitor the chemical synthetic ingredients, reveal the mechanism of chemical reaction occurring, reaction courses and kinetic characteristics, and monitor, control and adjust chemical reaction to determine the endpoint of reaction and enhance selectivity of reaction, quality and yields of product. Many real-time monitoring techniques were achieved to satisfy the demands in several chemical synthetic reactions. The structure and principles of current real-time monitoring techniques was stated, and a review was summarized on its applications in chemical synthetic ingredients. The research, development and applications of real-time monitoring techniques such as spectrometry (i.e. ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, infrared spectrometry, Raman spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and fluorescence spectroscopy), chromatography (i.e. thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis) and their coupled techniques (i.e. GC-MS, GC-IR and LC-MS) for chemical synthetic ingredients were evaluated. The coupled techniques were utilized to take the advantages of their high performance separation and quantitative power of chromatography, and sensitive and qualitative identification capacity of spectrometric techniques could realize the real-time monitoring for special chemical synthetic ingredients in complex systems. The future developmental trends and application prospects of real-time monitoring techniques are also discussed. With the research & development of microprocessor and embedded system, the real-time monitoring instrument for chemical synthetic ingredients will have a trend to miniaturization, intelligence, digitization, functionalization and multichannel with widely versatile and strongly compatible features.

Nanocrystalline ZnS thin films were fabricated by glancing angle deposition (GLAD) technology in an electron beam evaporation system. Deposition was carried out in the custom vacuum chamber at a base pressure 3×10－4 Pa, and the deposition rate was fixed at 0.2 nm?s-1. ZnS films were deposited on pieces of indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates when the oblique angle of the substrate relative to the incoming molecular flux was set to ０°, 80° and 85° off the substrate normal respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed that ZnS nanocrystalline films were formed on the substrates at different oblique angle, but the nanocolumn structure was only formed under the situation of α＝80° and 85°. The dynamics during the deposition process of the ZnS films at α＝0°, 80° and 85° was analyzed. The transmitted spectra of ZnS thin films deposited on ITO substrates showed that the ZnS nanocolumn thin films could enhance the transmissivity in visible range. The ZnS nanocolumn could be used into electroluminescence device, and it would enhance the luminous efficiency of the device.

By studying on absorption spectrum of red compound coming from the reaction system of Fe2+ and 1,10-phenanthroline and the capacity of antioxidant TBHQ and bamboo leaf extract for scavenging hydroxyl free radical, some results were drawn as follows: the determining wavelength of bamboo leaf extract for scavenging hydroxyl free radical by spectrophotometric method is 509.1 nm, and IC50 (the value of antioxidant concentration at scavenging half of hydroxyl free radical)was used as the index to evaluate scavenging capacity. The determined IC50 values were TBHQ(0.040), M20(0.378), M40(0.323), M60(0.334), and bamboo leaf extract could be used as natural antioxidant.

The objective of the present study is to propose a new vegetation index for corn canopy fresh biomass estimation, which improves the ability to accurately estimate high biomass levels by remote sensing technology. For this purpose, hyperspectral reflectance data of corn canopies were collected using a ground-based spectroradiometer during different field campaigns in a region of Quebec (Canada), from 2004 to 2008. Corresponding fresh biomass values were obtained by destructive measurements, and a hyperspectral image was also acquired using the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) in 2005. A new biomass index named red-edge triangular vegetation index (RTVI) was designed and compared to existing indices used for fresh biomass estimation. The results showed that RTVI was the best vegetation index for predicting canopy fresh biomass, with sustained sensitivity at high fresh biomass levels. The best regression model between RTVI and canopy fresh biomass was the power fit, with determination coefficient (R2) of 0.96. With the validation by CASI imagery in 2005, good results were obtained. The relationship between CASI predicted biomass and actual biomass was 0.58 (R2), with the RMSE of 0.44 kg?m-2.

The influence of matrix effect on the determination of magnesium, copper and lead in human blood matrix stimulant and its correction was studied by using both conventional internal reference method & common analyte internal standardization (CAIS). The obtained results indicate that CAIS method is applicable for simultaneous correction of multi-elements in blood matrix. The relative errors between the determined and the true values are 3.05% (by CAIS method), 12.39% (by conventional internal reference correction) and 23.91% (without correction), respectively. Otherwise, the influences of the mass discrepancy and that of the determination intensities between elements are not obvious for the correction of blood matrix. The reliability of CAIS was validated by the determination of both bovine blood and bovine serum standard materials.

In the present paper, trace La, Nd, Eu and Gd were separated and enriched with strong acid ion exchange fiber column from high purity Yb2O3, and then determined by Optima 5 300 DV ICP-AES. The ion exchange fiber’s breakthrough capacity for Yb was 134 mg?g-1. The separation condition using 4.0 g fiber column was that after the test solution (pH=3.0) was fed into the ion exchange fiber column at 1.0 mL?min-1, the column was pre-leached by dilute nitric acid (pH=3.00) of 80 mL at 1.5 mL?min-1 at first, and then was eluted by 0.01 mol?L-1 ammonium EDTA (pH=5.00) at the same flow rate. The results showed that 10 mg Yb could reach the baseline separation with 0.100 μg of the four rare earth impurities, and after 100 mg Yb in feed solution had been separated, only 0.017 1 μg?mL-1 Yb remained in the impurities enriched effluent. When the concentration of Yb2O3 is less than 100 μg?mL-1 (87.8 μg?mL-1 Yb), the matrix interference from Yb on with determination of La, Nd, Eu and Gd can be neglected. The enrichment factors were 3.68×105 for La2O3, 4.20×105 for Nd2O3, 3.82×105 for Eu2O3, and 4.01×105 for Gd2O3, and the detection limits of the method were 0.005 0, 0.014, 0.001 8 and 0.008 2 pg?mL-1 for La2O3, Nd2O3, Eu2O3 and Gd2O3 respectively. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of 99.99% Yb2O3 with RSD (%, n=5) of 6.2, 5.9, 7.3 and 2.5 for La2O3, Nd2O3, Eu2O3 and Gd2O3 respectively, and the average recoveries of standard addition were 94.2%, 107%, 97.8% and 102% for La2O3, Nd2O3, Eu2O3 and Gd2O3 respectively. The calibration curve did not need matrix matching with Yb, and the analysis period was within 4 hour.

A simple and accurate method for the simultaneous determination of As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb in andrographis herb by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was developed. The samples were digested by HNO3-HClO4. The digestion-determination method was evaluated with the relative standard deviations for all these elements between 2.1% and 4.6%, and the recoveries were between 92.0% and 103.2%. The measuring method was proved to be simple, reliable and highly sensitive. The dissolution characteristics of the 6 heavy metal elements in different solvents and with different extraction methods such as refluxing, soaking, and ultrasonic assisted extraction were studied. The experimental results showed that Ba was in the highest concentration followed by Cu and Cr, and the concentration of As, Pb and Cd was relatively lower in the herb. With the increase in ethanol concentration, the dissolution amount of Ba decreased but that of Cu and Cr increased, and the highest concentration of Cd was dissolved in acidic solution. Overall, Cd and Pb were difficult to dissolve out with 85% ethanol refluxing, but As dissolved comparatively more under the same condition. Comparing the extraction methods, the higher concentration of these 6 metals was obtained by refluxing water or alkaline water than that by 85% ethanol maceration. These differences might be related to the existent forms of these six elements in the herb. The determination and study on dissolution characteristics of these elements by using ICP-OES was important for rational using medicinal resources and ensuring the safety of drugs.

The working principle of the optic fiber SPR sensor was discussed in the present paper at first. The feasibility of using it to monitor the degradation process of the environmental sewage represented by the methyl orange was studied Finally, the optic fiber SPR sensor was adopted to monitor the change in degradation concentration represented by the original methyl orange solution on the base of 50 mL initial concentration 30 mg?L-1, and the optic fiber SPR spectrum character of degradation process was analyzed in detail. Meanwhile the UV spectrophotometer was used to measure the change in concentration in the course of the degradation. The measurement data were analyzed and compared at large. The research work indicates that both the methods have consistent results, as the degradation time increases, the absorbance and concentration of the environmental sewage represented by the methyl orange solution decrease by and by, and the resonant wavelength of the optic fiber SPR sensor blue shifts step by step, as compared to the original standardization methyl orange solution resonant spectrum. It was shown that the methyl orange solution was degraded, and the rate of degradation was up to about 73 percent within two hours. The comparative results illustrate that it is feasible to use the optic fiber SPR sensor to monitor the environmental sewage degradation. The research result not only provides a new monitoring method for the degradation process of the environmental sewage, but also promotes the technique of the SPR sensor combined to the environment monitor by a long way.

The fast and precise detection of metal ion is an important research project concerning studies in diverse academic fields and different kinds of detecting technologies. In the present paper, the authors review the research on atomic emission spectrum based on liquid electrode discharge and its applications in the detection of metal ion. In the first part of this paper the principles and characteristics of the methods based on electrochemistry and spectroscopy were introduced. The methods of ion-selective electrode (ISE), anodic stripping voltammetry, atomic emission spectrum and atomic absorption spectrum were included in this part and discussed comparatively. Then the principles and characteristics of liquid electrode spectra for metal ion detection were introduced. The mechanism of the plasma production and the characteristics of the plasma spectrum as well as its advantages compared with other methods were discussed. Secondly, the authors divided the discharge system into two types and named them single liquid-electrode discharge and double-liquid electrode respectively, according to the number of the liquid electrode and the configuration of the discharge system, and the development as well as the present research status of each type was illustrated. Then the characteristics and configurations of the discharge systems including ECGD, SCGD, LS-APGD and capillary discharge were discussed in detail as examples of the two types. By taking advantage of the technology of atomic emission spectrum based on liquid electrode discharge, the detecting limit of heave metals such as copper, mercury and argent as well as active metal ions including sodium, potass and magnesium can achieve μg?L-1. Finally, the advantages and problems of the liquid-electrode discharge applied in detection of metal ion were discussed. And the applications of the atomic emission spectrum based on liquid electrode discharge were prospected.

Soybeans from Jiangxi, Heilongjiang, Jilin and Anhui were digested by nitric acid. The contents of mineral elements K, P, Mg, Ca, Fe, Al, Zn, Mn and Na in four samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The differences between samples were determined by Duncan’s multiple-range test, and evaluations were based on a significance level of P＜0.05. The results show that soybeans are rich in mineral elements that human body needs. The contents of K, P, Mg, Ca and Fe are higher than the others, and the order from high to low does not change with the producing area. The order of Mn, Zn, Al, Na varied with the producing area. Producting area does not affect the contents of elements K, P and Mg significantly (P＞0.05). It can be concluded that the demands for major mineral elements K, P and Mg are stable in the growth of soybeans with the same variety. However, producing area has a great influence on the contents of elements Al, Ca, Fe, Na, Mn and Zn in soybean (P＜0.05). The content of Fe in Anhui soybean (70.93 mg?kg-1) and the content of Mn in Jiangxi soybean (32.69 mg?kg-1) are significantly higher than the other three samples. The results suggested that the contents of Al, Ca, Fe, Na, Mn and Zn were easily affected by growth conditions, such as water, soil and so on.

The contents of inorganic elements including K, Ca, Na, Mg, P, S, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Mo, and Co in the soil-grass-animal mineral system from Qinghai Tibetan Plateau were determined by ICP-AES using high pressure system-sealed microwave digestion. The sample of soil was digested with HNO3-HF-H2O2 acids system, but others including pasture, animal fur, liver, and serum were digested with HNO3-H2O2 acids system. The operation would be simplified and the blank value would be decreased with the above acids systems. The results were proved to be reliable with the relative standard deviation being 0.271%-2.633% for Ca, 2.971%-4.854% for Co, 0.372%-2.874% for Cu, 0.600%-3.683% for Fe, 0.347%-2.829% for K, 0.626%-2.593% for Mg, 0.705%-4.828% for Mn, 2.946%-4.622% for Mo, 0.689%-3.621% for Na, 0.422%-3.890% for P, and 0.143%-4.622% for S, 0.166%-2.399% for Zn, and all of them were less than 5% for all the elements, and the recovery being 97.1%-101.4% for Ca, 93.5%-112.5% for Co, 95.2%-104.0% for Cu, 96.9%-104.2% for Fe, 96.1%-105.6% for K, 96.2%-102.8% for Mg, 91.5%-108.9% for Mn, 95.0%-113.5% for Mo, 95.2%-101.8% for Na, 94.7%-100.7% for P, 98.3%-108.4% for S, and 97.5%-102.0% for Zn by adding standard recovery experiment. The results of determination were proved that the method of sealed microwave digestion ICP-AES was sensitive, precise, easy to operate and rapid for the determination of inorganic elements in the soil-grass-animal mineral system, and could satisfy the sample examination request. The methods and results were meaningful to research on the soil-pasture-animal mineral system including the contents of mineral elements, the circulation of mineral elements, the interaction, and the application of mineral additive.

The trace elements in Chinese herbal medicines are important nutritional elements for human health. Application of ICP-AES was applied to detect Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and Mg of the different parts and size grading on growth of Cistanche tubulosa. The results showed that there were comparatively rich trace elements in Cistanche tubulosa, and the trace elements of the different parts and size grading on growth were significantly different. Traditionally, the succulent stem and 200-500 grams of Cistanche tubulosa are common in the use of medicinal herbs, and the authors found that the iron, manganese, copper, zinc and magnesium were 242.18, 17.85, 7.96, 6.64 and 1 357.50 μg?g-1 in the succulent stem of Cistanche tubulosa. There were 174.21, 4.48, 8.11, 4.31 and 1 126.93 μg?g-1 in 200-500 grams of Cistanche tubulosa. It provided useful data for discussing the relationship between the content of the trace elements and the efficacy of Cistanche tubulosa.

The trace elements distribution in the root and leaf of greenhouse rape was determined with synchrotron radiation XRF, and many essential elements for human health were found, including Co, Mn, Ni, Fe, Cu, Zn, K and Ca, among which the contents of Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn are especially higher than the other elements. The results proved that the contents of different elements in different parts of leaves and roots were inequable. Generally, the contents of K, Ca and Mg in the roots are significantly higher than those in leaves, while the contents of Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn in the leaves are apparently higher than those in roots. And the contents of all the elements in lateral roots are much lower. The contents of K, Ca and Co in the central section of leaf were higher than those in the edge, and the contents are gradually increasing from the edge to center; the contents of Cu, Mn, Fe and Ni in the tip of leaf were higher than those in base, and it increases gradually from the base to the tip of leaf; the content of Zn in the leaf is absolutely uniform; all the elements in the middle of root were higher than those in two ends, and the contents in the base of root are commonly higher than those in the tip of root.

Concept lattice is an effective formal tool for data analysis and knowledge extraction. Constrained concept lattice, with the characteristics of higher constructing efficiency, practicability and pertinency, is a new concept lattice structure. For the automatic classification task of star spectrum, a classification rule mining method based on constrained concept lattice is presented by using the concepts of partition and extant supports. In the end, the experimental results validate the higher classification efficiency and correctness of the method by taking the star spectrum data as the formal context, so that an effective way is provided for the automatic classification of massive star spectrum.

In order to improve the measurement accuracy of FBG sensing system, particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm combined with reference FBGs array was applied to investigate the nonlinearity and hysteresis character of Fabry-Parot filter (FPF). A method of modeling the wavelength-voltage relationship of FPF online in each FPF scanning cycle was proposed in the present paper. The feature of particle swarm optimization algorithm such as fast convergence and simple implementation makes the process of modeling wavelength-voltage relationship of FPF be completed with low computing cost and high accuracy. With the set-up model, the absolute error in wavelength detection of FBG sensors was demonstrated by experiments to be as low as 0.03 nm. The structure of the system is compact and the proposed modeling approach has important meaning in FBG sensors system when FPF is used as wavelength demodulator.

In the present paper the authors studied theoretically and experimentally the relationship between spectral resolution and grating density, the limitations to improve the spectral resolution by using high density grating, the use of longer focal length grating to increase spectral resolution without compromising instrument throughput and the effect of slit width on spectral resolution and sensitivity. Finally, two experiment results were provided to show why higher spectral resolution is important to ensure that critical information is not lost during a Raman measurement. Stressed silicon was produced by growing a thin crystalline layer of Si on an SixGe1-x substrate. It is possible to use Raman spectroscopy to probe the stress in the SixGe1-x and Si layers at the same time. The parameter to monitor the stress is the position of the Si-Si vibrational mode in SixGe1-x and Si. Such a measurement requires high spectral resolution because the peaks exhibit very subtle shifts. The authors’ results clearly demonstrate that the resolution offered by a high density grating is necessary to properly monitor the very small frequency shift of this cap-layer Si-Si mode in order to properly characterize the strain structure. The Raman band around 180 cm-1 is assigned to the radial breath mode of single wall carbon nanotube (SWCN). By measuring the frequencies excited with different laser, the diameters of the sample can be obtained. Practically, sample is always composed of SWCN with different but very close diameters and their Raman bands might overlap together and are difficult to determine the frequencies. The authors’ results showed that only higher resolution with the long focal length spectrometer can give accurate number and frequencies of Raman bands, which leads to a correct analysis of the diameter distribution.

Phenolic analysis was established on the immobilized horseradish peroxidase (HRP) catalyzed oxidation reaction. It subsequently catalyzed oxidative coupling of phenol with 4-aminophenazone using aqueous hydrogen peroxide to form intensely colored products for spectrophotometric analysis. HRPs were trapped in sol-gel matrix in a mild procedure. The immobilized HRPs maintain almost identical enzymatic activity as those in solution. BET analysis indicates that the silica itself is a porous structure with the average pore diameter of 2.95 nm. It permits small size molecules i.e. hydrogen peroxide, phenol and 4-aminophenazone to diffuse into the matrix while large molecules like enzyme (HRP) remain in the pores. It thus allows a biocatalysis to occur and makes the most out of the enzymes encapsulated in the silica matrix to stand against leakage so that the immobilized horseradish peroxidase could be recycled. The method can be employed for 2-chlorophenol, 3-chlorophenol or 2,4-dichlorophenol analysis as well. The feasibility of recycle on immobilized enzyme is evaluated. Although enzymatic activities are obviously decreased after repeated utilization of 9 times, the method definitely offers a potential spectrophotometric biosensor for phenolic compounds analysis.