By using backward-wave oscillator (BWO),the transmission spectra of various resistivity GaAs were tested.Then the transmission spectra were examined and analyzed.The refractive index,absorption coefficient,and dielectric functions of various resistivity GaAs and terahertz dielectric properties of GaAs were measured and compared in the frequency range from 0.23 THz to 0.375 THz.The experimental results indicate that all the refractive index,absorption coefficient,and dielectric functions of the various resistivity GaAs increase with the increase in frequency.The absorption coefficient of high resistivity GaAs is very small,and its least absorption coefficient equals 3.87×10-4 cm-1.The authors’ results demonstrate the applicability of the backward-wave oscillator THz transmission spectroscopy for GaAs characteristic analysis by calculating the reflectance spectra.This work establishes the basic spectra data for the various resistivity GaAs and is very significative to the design of high efficiency terahertz wave antenna.

On-line measurement of size and chemical composition of single particle using an aerosol laser time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ALTOFMS) was designed in our lab.Each particle’s aerodynamic diameter is determined by measuring the delay time between two continuous-wave lasers operating at 650 nm.A Nd:YAG laser desorbs and ionizes molecules from the particle,and the time-of-flight mass spectrometer collects a mass spectrum of the generated ions.Then the composition of single particle is obtained.ALTOFMS generates large amount of data during the process period.How to process these data quickly and extract valuable information is one of the key problems for the ALTOFMS.In the present paper,an adaptive resonance theory-based neural network,ART-2a algorithm,was used to classify mixed mass spectra of aerosol particles of NaCl,CaCl2,dioctylphthalate (DOP),and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB).Compared with the traditional methods,ART-2a can recognize input patterns self-organically,self-adaptively and self-steadily without considering the complexity and the number of the patterns,so it is more favorable for the analysis of the mass spectra data.Experimental results show that when vigilance parameter is 0.40,learning rate is 0.05 and iteration number is 6,ART-2a algorithm can successfully reveal these four particle categories.The weight vectors for these four particle classes were obtained,which can represent the characters of these four particle classes remarkably.

Time-resolved measurements of plasma plume emission spectra with pulsed laser ablation of metal Cu at different krypton pressure were reported.Taking pictures with speedy and synchronized photography,photos of optical plasma plume from laser ablation of metal Cu at different krypton pressure were obtained.The experimental results indicate that the plasma plume emission spectra were composed of atomic spectral lines,and the plasma plume colour changed with the ambient gas pressure.The effect of ambient gas pressure on the plasma plume excitation radiation mechanism in pulsed laser ablation of copper was discussed.The results areexplained using a simple model based on the fact that the plasma plume main excitation radiation mechanism is changed with ambient gas pressure.The main excitation radiation mechanism in plume is electron collision energy transfer at low pressure,is electron collision energy transfer excitation radiation and recombination excitation radiation of electrons and ions at middle pressure,and is recombination excitation radiation of electrons and ions at high pressure.The model can be used to explain the experimental results qualitatively.

A white organic light-emitting device with a blend polymeric emissive system consisting of a novel nitrile fluorescence (2Z,2’Z)-3,3’-(1,4-phenylene)bis(2-phenylacrylonitrile) (BPhAN) as dopant and poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) as host was fabricated.2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP) was introduced into bilayer device as an electron transporting layer (HTL) and a hole blocking layer (HBL),respectively.By adjusting the doping ratio of BPhAN,a series of devices with different concentration proportion of PVK:BPhAN were constructed.The photoluminescence (PL) and electroluminescence (EL) characteristics of the devices were systemically studied.The Frster energy transfer mechanisms and direct carrier trapping mechanisms were specially investigated.The results showed that effective Frster energy transfer from PVK to BPhAN existed in the blending system as well as carrier trapping.However,at the identical bias voltage,the performance of devices was affected mainly by the carrier trapping mechanisms.Nevertheless,at different bias voltages,the performance of devices was affected by both of the two mechanisms.When the doping ratio of BPhAN reached 4 wt%,bright white light was obtained.The peaks of EL spectra were located at 425 and 556 nm corresponding to the Commissions Internationale De L’Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.33,0.37) at 6 V and (0.32,0.33) at 16 V,respectively.The slight shift of CIE coordinates was attributed to that energy transfer probability from PVK to BPhAN and BPhAN charge carrier trapping efficiency both decreased with the increase in voltages.

As a hole-blocking layer,2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP) is usually used in blue and white light electroluminescent devices.The ability of blocking holes of BCP layer depends on its thickness,and basically holes can tunnel through thin BCP layer.In order to know the role of BCP layer in electroluminescence (EL) of multilayer organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs),in the present paper,the authors designed a multilayer OLED ITO/NPB/BCP/Alq3:DCJTB/Alq3/Al and investigated the influence of thickness of BCP on the EL spectra of multilayer OLEDs at different applied voltages.The experimental data show that thin BCP layer can block holes partially and tune the energy transfer between different emissive layers,and in this way,it is easy to obtain white emission,but its EL spectra will change with the applied voltages.The EL spectra of multilayer device will remain relatively stable when BCP layer is thick enough,and the holes can hardly tunnel through when the thickness of BCP layer is more than 15 nm.Furthermore,the stability of EL spectra of the multilayer OLED at different applied voltages was discussed.

In an asymmetry quantum dot,the properties of the electron,which is strongly coupled with phonon,were investigated.The variational relations of the first internal excited state energy,the excitation energy and the frequency of transition spectral line between the first internal excited state and the ground state of the electron which is strongly coupled with phonon in an asymmetry quantum dot with the transverse and longituainal effective confinement length of quantum dot and the electron-phonon coupling strength were studied by using a linear combination operator and the unitary transformation methods.Numerical calculations for the variational relations of the first internal excited state energy,the excitation energy and the frequency of transition spectral line between the first internal excited state and the ground state of the electron which is strongly coupled with phonon in an asymmetry quantum dot with the transverse and longituainal effective confinement length of quantum dot and the electron-phonon coupling strength were performed and the results show that the first internal excited state energy,the excitation energy and the frequency of transition spectral line between the first internal excited state and the ground state of the electron which is strongly coupled with phonon in an asymmetry quantum dot will strongly increase with decreasing the transverse and longitudinal effective confinement length.The first internal excited state energy of the electron which is strongly coupled with phonon in an asymmetry quantum dot will decrease with increasing the electron-phonon coupling strength.The excitation energy and the frequency of transition spectral line between the first internal excited state and the ground state of the electron which is strongly coupled with phonon in an asymmetry quantum dot will increase with increasing the electron-phonon coupling strength.

Eu(TTFA)3-doped resin photoresist polymer film was successfully prepared and the fluorescence properties of the chelate complex were investigated. Based on Judd-Ofelt theory,the optical intensity parameters Ω2 and Ω4 derived from the emission spectrum were 24.4×10-20 cm2 and 2.8×10-20 cm2,respectively,and the total radiative transition rate (977 s-1) along with the radiative lifetime (1.02 ms) of the 5DOI0 excited state were calculated.The stimulated emission cross sections σ and the fluorescence branch ratios β for the 5DOI0→7FJ(J=1, 2,4) transitions were also obtained.The analysis indicates that the excited state of Eu3+ in the polymer film has a long radiative lifetime and large emission cross section,and the photoresist polymer film is a kind of ideal active amplificatory waveguide material,whose emission wavelength is in accord with the low absorption loss region of the photoresist.Such photoresist polymer film might have extensive application prospect in optical devices,such as polymer optical waveguide amplifiers and lasers.

The distribution of energy levels of the ground state and the low-lying excited states of hydrogenic impurities in InAs quantum ring was investigated by applying the effective mass approximation and the perturbation method.In 2D polar coordinates,the exact solution to the Schrdinger equation was used to calculate the perturbation integral in a parabolic confinement potential.The numerical results show that the energy levels of electron are sensitively dependent on the radius of the quantum ring and a minimum exists on account of the parabolic confinement potential.With decreasing the radius,the energy spacing between energy levels increases.The degenerate energy levels of the first excited state for hydrogenic impurities are not relieved,and when the degenerate energy levels are split and the energy spacing will increase with the increase in the radius.The energy spacing between energy levels of electron is also sensitively dependent on the angular frequency and will increase with the increases in it.The degenerate energy levels of the first excited state are not relieved.The degenerate energy levels of the second excited state are relieved partially.The change in angular frequency will have a profound effect upon the calculation of the energy levels of the ground state and the low-lying excited states of hydrogenic impurities in InAs quantum ring.The conclusions of this paper will provide important guidance to investigating the optical transitions and spectral structures in quantum ring.

An infrared thermogram which reflects the human body surface temperature distribution can be obtained through detecting the infrared thermal radiation from each point on the human body surface.When a malignant tumor occurs in a breast,it will cause an increase in the prominent temperature in the breast surface focus region due to the abnormal blood transmission state of local focus tissue.Breast cancer can be detected through the visual analysis of the focus regions by physicians.In order to help physicians better find these focus regions,the present paper improved the traditional pseudo color display method by introducing visual effect factor and made the focus regions have a better display effect.The efficacy of this method was verified in the breast infrared thermograms of 47 breast cancer patients.The result from visual analysis of the focus region in infrared thermogram by this method can also be compared with the tissue blood transmission state from near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and other methods.It will be helpful to obtain more accurate diagnostic information.

The traditional method of measuring the aeroengine exhausts is intrusive gas sampling analysis techniques.The disadvantages of the techniques include complex system,difficult operation,high costs and potential danger because of back-pressure effects.The non-intrusive methods have the potential to overcome these problems.So the remote FTIR passive sensing is applied to monitor aeroengine exhausts and determine the concentration of the exhausts gases of aeroengines.The principle of FTIR remote passive sensing is discussed.The model algorithm for the calibration of FTIR system,the radiance power distribution and gas concentration are introduced.TENSOR27 FTIR-system was used to measure the spectra of infrared radiation emitted by the hot gases of exhausts in a test rig.The emission spectra of exhausts were obtained under different thrusts.By analyzing the spectra,the concentrations of CO2,CO and NO concentration were calculated under 4 thrusts.Researches on the determination of concentration of the exhausts gases of aeroengines by using the remote FTIR sensing are still in early stage in the domestic aeronautics field.The results of the spectra and concentration in the aeroengine test are published for the first time. It is shown that the remote FTIR passive sensing techniques have a great future in monitoring the hot gas of the aeroengines exhausts.

In the present paper,Fourrier transform infrared spectrometer was applied to gain the infrared spectra of Hypnum fertile Sendtn.samples with different concentration of Cd2+ for 7 days to study the changes in chemical components,and some physiological characteristics such as malondialdehyde (MDA),solubility sugar (SS) and solubility protein (Pr) were also studied.Malondialdehyde and solubility sugar were measured by anthrone colorimetry and solubility protein was measured by brilliant blue and commassie dye.The results showed that with the enhancement of Cd2+ concentration,the contents of solubility sugar and solubility protein were enhanced at first and then decreased.However,it was just the opposite for the content of malondialdehyde.Based on the indices of wave number-absorbance,the infrared spectra of samples with different concentration of Cd2+ were compared in terms of changes in the physiological characteristics.The two bands at 2 920 and 2 855 cm-1 in the CH stretching region (3 000-2 800 cm-1) of the spectra denote the asymmetric and symmetric lipid CH2 stretching vibrations,whose band height’s variety was related to the change in malondialdehyde content in plant.The distinctive amide-Ⅰ band at 1 635 cm-1 and amide-Ⅱ band at 1 545 cm-1 arise from endogenous proteins.In the region below 1 500 cm-1,a variety of characteristic IR group frequencies can be observed that are difficult to assign but the shape of the spectra in this region is characteristic and can be used as a “finger print” of the tissue.The band at 1 036 cm-1 —C—O, —C—C or CH stretching region of the spectra denotes the carbohydrate related to the content of solubility sugar.The results showed that there was good correspondence between the changes in the physiological characteristics and the changes of samples based on the indices of wave number-absorbance of FTIR spectra,and the FTIR was more sensitive and convenient.Therefore,Fourrier transform infrared spectrometry can be accepted as a fast and effective method to study bryophytes for monitoring the pollution degree of heavy metal in environment.

A novel classifier was constructed in the present paper by combination of an improved canonical variates analysis (ICVA) with Fish linear discriminant analysis (LDA).The resulting discrimination model based on this proposed approach (ICVA-LDA) was divided into two parts:the inner part that estimated the robust weight vector of canonical variates by linear partial least square algorithm and the outer part that built the LDA discrimination model by making use of the extracted canonical variates.The method utilized partial least squares regression as an engine for solving an eigenvector problem involving singular covariance matrices and the canonical variates were more relevant for discriminative purposes.Thus,the weight vectors found in the modified CVA method not only possessed the same properties as weight vectors of the standard CVA method,but also forced the discriminative information into the first fewer of canonical variates.The improved discrimination model was more concise and efficient in dealing with the problem of the effect sensitivity and numerous predictor variables with serious multicollinearity in the spectra data.Furthermore,in ICVA-LDA the interpretation could be performed with respect to the original high-dimensional data space.Finally,application to a four-group problem with near-infrared transmittance spectroscopy data consisting of 310 samples and 404 variables of the proposed ICVA-LDA approach was presented with comparison to the LDA combined with principal component analysis (PCA-LDA) and standard CVA-LDA methods.All the three discrimination models were validated using fivefold segmented cross-validation.The result demonstrates that the limitations of LDA were overcome with PLS algorithm and then the classification performance of LDA was improved by ICVA.This proposed approach can also be widely used in other fields for classification and discrimination of small samples and collinear data.

In order to establish a complete set of simulation system for high-resolution mid-infrared remote sensing and provide a powerful reference for spacecraft design and related works,the importance of atmospheric radiative transfer simulation in this system was considered,and a reasonable and high precision imaging numerical simulation method was expected.Taking into account the characteristics of MIR,including scattering and thermal emission,terms of atmospheric radiative transfer were decomposed based on radiative transfer principle,and images of top of atmosphere (TOA) were simulated according to MODTRAN4 and look-up table method.Besides,adjacency effect caused by atmospheric scattering of neighboring pixels radiation was considered,and an extended point spread function in mid-infrared was coupled with analytical model of atmospheric radiative transfer to simulate TOA images.Finally,a preliminary test and simulation results show that the simulation model has better accuracy.If parameters of observation geometry and atmosphere were given and the land surface temperature/emissivity was determined,the calculation of pixel-level atmospheric radiative transfer was to be achieved.

Forage was the material basis of animal husbandry production,and its quality is directly related to the quality of animal products.It was very important ot control the forage quality and detect the composition of forage raw materials in forage production.Predication of forage quality was often completed by the traditional and classical methods in the past,which were complex,time consuming and expensive,and could not acquire the nutritional value of forage timely.Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy was a highly efficient and rapid modern analysis technique developed in 1970’s.It comprehensively applied the latest research results of computer technique,spectroscopy and chemometrics,and has been widely used in various fields owing to its unique advantages such as being timely,less expensive,non-destructive,and so on.Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy has gained more and more importance though its application to forage analysis was very late.Presently,not only conventional composition (such as moisture,dry matter,crude protein,crude fiber,crude fat, crude ash neutral detergent fiber,acid detergent fiber,etc.),but also non-conventional composition (including minerals,trace elements,enzyme and anti-nutritional factors etc.) and anti-nutritional factors in forage were determined by means of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy.Testing and analysizing the conventional composition in forage was the traditional applied field of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy,a lot of studies of which were done and it has already been one of the standard methods of testing the conventional composition.Forage bioavaibility was also evaluated by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy, so as to assess the utilization rate and nutritional value of forage.Moreover, near infrared spectroscopy could be used successfully to predict the botanical composition in grassland and leaf/stem ratios.Near infrared spectroscopy technique and its application and prospect in forage analysis were reviewed in the present paper.

The near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) technique has been widely used in the study of ruminant nutrition with many of its operational merits such as facility,shortcut and accuracy,etc.Study suggested that the standard error of cross-validation (SECV) ranges from 1.6% to 2.8% in predicting organic matter digestion of ruminant diet by using the NIRS technique;the chemical and biological compositions and the microbial protein proportion in the duodenal digesta can be predicted accurately using the NIRS.However,the kinetic parameters of degradation are not well predicted;The prediction of intake of stall feeding animals by using NIRS is similar to the determination of in vivo method,but the standard error of prediction is about 14% when using the NIRS to predict intake of grazing animals.All of the studies suggest that big progress has been made in using NIRS technique to predict feed digestion and evaluate the diet quality and intake of ruminant animals,which also suggest that the NIRS technique has a wide prospect in the study of ruminant nutrition.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the feasibility of tracing the geographical origin of beef with FT-NIR spectroscopy,set up the model for identifying the beef geographical origin,and validate the rate of discrimination.Fifty eight de-fatted beef samples from Jilin,Guizhou,Ningxia,and Hebei in China were dried and milled.Based on the NIR spectra of the pre-processing beef,the samples were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA),cluster analysis (CA),discriminant analysis (DA),and a qualitative model was established to do discriminant analysis and validated.The results showed that there were some differences in NIR spectra from different geographical origins,and the element contents in the beef samples were different from different locations.According to the Euclidean distance of NIR spectra,the geographical origin can be identified by cluster analysis.The distance of spectra is the shortest between the samples from Guizhou and Hebei province.Meanwhile there is a certain crossover.This model calibrated by 40 samples was used to predict the varieties of 18 unknown beef samples.The recognition rate of 100% was achieved.So applying FT-NIR fingerprint spectroscopy to trace geographical origin of beef is accurate,rapid and low-cost.

The sugar content and the matrix always are being changed during cider-making fermentation.In order to measure and monitor sugar content accurately and rapidly,it is necessary for the spectra to be sorted.Calibration models were established at different fermentation stages based on near infrared spectroscopy with artificial neural network.NIR spectral data were collected in the spectral region of 12000-4000cm-1 for the next analysis.After the different conditions for modeling sugar content were analyzed and discussed,the results indicated that the calibration models developed by the spectral data pretreatment of straight line subtraction(SLS) in the characteristic absorption spectra ranges of 7502-6472.1 cm-1 at stageⅠand 6102-5446.2 cm-1 at stageⅡ were the best for sugar content.The result of comparison of different data pretreatment methods for establishing calibration model showed that the correlation coefficients of the models (R2) for stageⅠand Ⅱ were 98.93% and 99.34% respectively,and the root mean square errors of cross validation(RMSECV) for stageⅠandⅡ were 4.42 and 1.21 g·L-1 respectively.Then the models were tested and the results showed that the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) was 4.07 g·L-1 and 1.13 g·L-1 respectively. These demonstrated that the models the authors established are very well and can be applied to quick determination and monitoring of sugar content during cider-making fermentation.

In the present study,40 samples of ginsengs (20 samples from Jian and 20 samples from Fushun) were surveyed by Fourier transform infrared (IR) spectroscopy.Meanwhile,in order to eliminate the spectral differences from the baseline drifts,the original ginseng spectra were processed using first derivative method.To avoid enhancing the noise resulting from the derivative the spectra were smoothed.This smoothing was done by using the Savitzky-Golay algorithm,a moving window averaging method.Artificial neural network (ANN),support vector machine (SVM) as the new pattern recognition technology,and wavelet transform (WT) were applied.Firstly,the spectrum variables of infrared spectroscopy were compressed through the WT technology before the models were established,in order to reduce the time in establishing models.Then,the identification models of cultivation area of ginsengs were studied comparatively by the use of ANN and SVM methods.The corresponding important parameters of models were also discussed in detail,including the parameters of wavelet compressing and training parameters of ANN and SVM models.The simulation experiment indicated that the ANN model can carry on the distinction among 40 samples of ginsengs from Jilin,and the accuracy rate of identification was 92.5%.The radial basis function (RBF) SVM classifiers and the polynomial SVM classifiers were studied comparatively in this experiment.The best experimental results were obtained using RBF SVM classifier with σ=0.6,and the accuracy rate of identification was 97.5%.Finally,compared with ANN approach,SVM algorithm showed its excellent generalization for identification results while the number of samples was smaller. The overall results show that IR spectroscopy combined with SVM and WT technology can be efficiently utilized for rapid and simple identification of the cultivation area of ginsengs,and thus provides the certain technology support and the foundation for further researching ginseng and other IR applications.

To improve the thermal stability of poly (lactic acid),poly (lactic acid-co-phenylalanine) was prepared by introducing the phenyl of phenylalanine to the side chain.3-phenylmethyl-2,5-morpholinedione (PMD) and lactide (LA) were synthesized using phenylalanine and lactic acid as raw materials,respectively. Subsequently,poly (lactic acid-co-phenylalanine),homopolymer of PMD (PPMD) and homopolymer of LA (PLA) were obtained by ring-opening polymerization of PMD and LA as monomer.The amount of phenyl had an effect on the thermal stability,so a quantitative analysis by infrared spectroscopy was established in the present paper. Two homopolymers were determined by infrared spectroscopy to find out two characteristic peaks at 1671.53 and 870.82cm-1,which were selected for PPMD and PLA,respectively.Choosing the characteristic peaks and according to the Lambert-Beer law,which is the linear relationship between absorbance and concentration of an absorbing species,a standard working curve was calculated:y=0.05567x+0.1091 (r=0.9993),where x was the reciprocal of PPMD monomer molar concentration and y was the absorbance ratio of PLA to PPMD at their characteristic peaks.Collecting the absorbance of poly (lactic acid-co-phenylalanine) at two characteristic peaks,the contents of copolymer were calculation by the working curve and the results were similar to that of 1H NMR by calculation from the ratio of proton area of PMD and PLA.It was noted that the relative error was below 2%.It was also confirmed that the content of copolymer could be determined by infrared spectroscopy conveniently and quickly.Meanwhile,this method could be adopted to determine the other poly (lactic acid-co-amino acid) practicably and widely.

In the present work,“Fuji” apples from Shandong Yantai were used to take the diffuse reflection spectra by FT-NIR.PLS components (i.e.,factors) were computed by nonlinear iterative partial least squares (NIPALS) and the number of latent factors (LV) was optimized by a leave-one-out cross-validation procedure on the calibration set.On the basis of partial least square (PLS) regression,the models for apples’ firmness before and after peeling were compared.In order to eliminate the effect of apple peel on prediction,spectral pretreatments such as multiplicative scatter correction (MSC),derivative,direct orthogonal signal correction (DOSC) and wavelengths selection based on genetic algorithms (GA) were used.Finally,the results of different spectral treatments were compared.In conclusion,the RSDp of models for apples before and after peeling was 16.71％ and 12.36%,respectively,suggesting that the apple peel played a negative role in constructing good predictive models.Moreover,the traditional spectral pretreatments (such as MSC,derivative) can hardly resolve the problem.In this research,GA-DOSC played an important role in reducing the interference of apple peel.It not only reduced the wavelength variables from 1480 to 36,but also reduced the latent variables from 5 to 1.The correlation coefficient (r) was improved from 0.753 to 0.805,and the RMSECV and RMESP were reduced from 1.019 kgf·cm-2 and 1.197 kgf·cm-2 to 0.919 kgf·cm-2 and 0.924 kgf·cm-2,respectively.Especially,the RSDp was decreased remarkably from 16.71% to 12.89%.The performance of the model after GA-DOSC treatment was similar to the model using spectra of apple flesh (12.36%).It was concluded that the prediction precision based on GA-DOSC satisfied the requirement of NIR non-destruction determination of apples firmness.

A new method for the fast discrimination of different producing areas of olive oil by means of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was developed.A relation was established between the reflection spectra and three varieties of olive oil from different places.The data set of modeling consists of a total of 90 samples of olive oil and each type consists of 30 samples.Genetic algorithms (GA),a global searching method,was applied to select the key features of the wavelengths.By the treatment with GA,the quantitative information was obtained and the number of characteristics for principal component analysis (PCA) was reduced to 9.By the treatment with PCA,the quantitative information was obtained and the number of characteristics for BP (back propagation) neural network was reduced to 6.The analysis suggests that the cumulate reliabilities of PC1 and PC2 (the first two principal components) are higher than 99%.It appeared to provide the best clustering of the different areas of olive oil and the results show that it is successful to use the GA to extract the key features of spectral wavelengths of olive oil.The first 6 principal components were used for modeling parameters of BP neural network model and the area sorts of olive oil were used for parameters of export.Three layers of neural network model were built up to predict the 30 unknown samples.The recognition rate of 100% was achieved.It can be concluded that the method is quite suitable for the fast discrimination of producing areas of olive oil and also offers a new-approach to the discrimination of producing areas of other oils.

Spectroscopy technique is one of the qualitative and quantitative analytical techniques developed quickly in recent years.The spectral analysis is a fast and non-destructive method and has been used in many fields such as oil industry,food industry and so on.In the present paper,the spectral band sensitive to soil moisture content was found from the visible/near infrared spectra and a monadic linear regression model based on the data of sensitive spectral band was applied to develop a method for rapid detection of soil moisture content.The spectral data of 52 soil samples were collected by using FieldSpec HandHeld spectroradiometer made by ASD (Analytical Spectral Device) company in the US,and the data of soil moisture content were obtained by experiment.The spectral band sensitive to soil moisture content was achieved by correlation coefficient method.Then,the data of sensitive spectral band were used to build monadic linear regression model of soil moisture content.Finally,the model was employed for the prediction of soil moisture content.Correlation coefficient (r) of prediction and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) were used as the evaluation standards.The results indicated that the r and RMSEP for the prediction of soil moisture content were 0.966 5 and 0.012 1 respectively.Thus,it is concluded that the method used in this paper is an available method for the rapid detection of soil moisture content based on the visible/near-infrared spectra.

An improved genetic algorithm was used to implement an automated wavelength selection procedure for use in building multivariate calibration models based on partial least squares regression (PLS).The region selecting by genetic algorithms (R-SGA) was applied in building calibration model of soluble solid content (SSC) of Western pear,and the numbers of latent variables used to build calibration model were further reduced.The Fourier transform near infrared reflectance (FT-NIR) spectra were processed by GA after MSC or SNV,and four PLS calibration models were built by using the optimal combinations of these sub-regions.Meanwhile,the full region selecting PLS (Fr-PLS) models were developed.The R-SGA models variables were 434,496,310 and 496,for Early Red Comice,Wujiuxiang,Cascade and Kang Buddha,respectively.Despite the complexity of the spectral data,the R-SGA procedure was found to perform well (RMSEP=0.428,0.567 for Early Red Comice and Kang Buddha,respectively),leading to calibration models that significantly outperform those based on full-spectrum analyses (RMSEP=0.518,0.633).The prediction precision of GA-PLS models was similar to that of Fr-PLS for Wujiuxiang and Cascade,with RMSEP of 0.696/0.694 and 0.425/0.421 respectively.This work proved that the R-SGA could find optimal values for several disparate variables associated with the calibration model and that the PLS procedure could be integrated into the objective function driving the optimization.

An infrared spectroscopy method for rapid quantitative determination of the degree of esterification (DE) of pectic polysaccharides was developed.Taking pectic polysaccharides from angelica sinensis as samples,the calibration curve was established between DE and the ratio of A1 730/(A1 730+A1 630).The square of the linear correlation coefficient was 0.822,indicating a good linear relationship between the DE and the absorbent area at 1 730 and 1 630 cm-1.Using this method,the DE of pectic polysaccharides from angelica sinensis was determined to be between 42.36% and 54.06% for crude and purified samples respectively.The relationship between infrared spectroscopy data and titrimetrically determined DE values was investigated,indicating an excellent reproducibility.This method is characterized by less sample,simple manipulation,higher sensibility,and speedy analysis compared to chemical method and other instrumentations.FTIR shows a good feasibility and can be a rapid,alternative method to titrimetric analysis for DE determination.

Using 220 maize single kernels,containing 75 common maize single kernels,72 high-oil maize single kernels and 73 super high-oil maize single kernels as study materials,BPANN identification model was set up for maize single kernel with different oil content based on principal components of near infrared (NIR) spectra.Four fifths of the samples were randomly selected as training set and the other samples as prediction set.Fourteen principal components from the second to the fifteenth were selected as nets input and -1,0,1 as nets output.Ten models were set up like this and the accurate identification rate of all the training sets can reach 100%.For prediction sets,fifteen common corn grain samples had an average accurate identification rate of 99.33%,fourteen high-oil corn grain samples had an average accurate identification rate of 97.88%,fourteen super high-oil corn grain samples had an average accurate identification rate of 91.43%,and total maize grains in prediction set had an average accurate identification rate of over 95%.Results showed that NIR spectroscopy combined with BP-ANN technology could identify maize kernels fast and nondestructively according to oil content,which offered a very useful classification method for maize seed breeding.The effect of different principal component on BPANN models was also studied.Results told us that the first principal component with over 99% of variance contribution had negative effect on the identification model.The predictive ability of identification models set up by different principal component was discriminatory,although the learning accurate identification rates were all 100%.So it is necessary to choose correlative principal component to set up identification model.

Three aqueous solutions of sodium carbonate (1.5,2.0 and 2.5 mol·L-1) were studied by in-situ Raman spectrum in a moissanite anvil cell in order to measure the Raman shift of symmetric stretching vibration of carbonate ion at around ν1 066.The experiment was conducted from 0 to 1.7 GPa under quasihydrostatic conditions at temperature of 22 ℃.The result showed that the increase in Raman wavenumber shift of in-plane bending vibration of carbonate ion is linearly proportional to the rise of pressure under room temperature.At the three concentrations mentioned above,the correlations between Raman shift of the ν1 066 peak and the pressure are depicted as three nearly identical curves,with a slope error smaller than 1%.The deviation,being smaller than the systemic error,suggested that the concentration of carbonate ions,within experimental errors,has no detectable influence on the pressure-induced shift of ν1 066 peak.Besides,the data fitting generated the formula:p/MPa=174.13Δν1 066/cm-1-59.03(Δν1 066=ν1 066-ν01 066,where ν01 066 denotes the Raman shift of ν1 066 peak of carbonate ion under the ambient pressure,which can be used as a pressure gauge in pure Na2CO3 solution.

In the present paper,two series of substituted tetraphenylporphyrin iron compounds RTPPFe(Ⅱ) and RTPPFeCI(Ⅲ) were synthesized by two-step synthetic method.Raman and IR spectra of tetraphenylporphyrin iron complexes were investigated.By analyzing the IR and Raman spectra of RTPPFe(Ⅱ) and RTPPFe(Ⅲ)Cl,it was confirmed that the RTPPFe(Ⅱ) complexes were usually unstable at normal temperature and existed via the coordination of dioxygen with the iron (Ⅱ) center,i.e.they formed into TPPFe-O2,and the stable configuration of dioxygen with the iron (Ⅱ) center was “end-on”.In addition,the geometric structure optimization of substituted iron tetraphenylporphyrin complexes was performed by PM3 semi-empirical and MM+ method quantum calculation.The structure parameters were obtained,including EHOMO,ELUMO and total energy,bond length of Fe—Cl etc.The effect of molecular structure on vibrational frequency shift was studied by combing the IR and Raman spectra.The results showed that for iron tetraphenylporphyrins (RTPPFe-O2) with different structure,the vibrational frequencies of the Fe—O bond were associated with their twist degree of molecular structures,i.e.the Raman and IR characterization vibrational frequencies of the Fe—O2 were up shifted with the increase in the Fe—O—O angle of iron tetraphenylporphyrins (RTPPFe-O2) molecule.

Solar cells of p-CIS/n-buffer/ZnO type,where CIS is CuInS2,CuInSe2 or intermediates,are thin-film-based devices for the future high-efficiency and low-cost photovoltaic devices.As important thin film,the properties of Al-doped ZnO (AZO) directly affect the parameter of the cell,especially for large volume.In the present paper,AZO semiconductor transparent thin film on soda-lime glass was fabricated using cylindrical zinc-aluminum target,which can not only lower the cost of the target but also make the preparation of large area AZO thin film more easily.Using the DC magnet sputtering techniques and rolling target,high utilization efficiency of target was achieved and large area uniform and directional film was realized.An introduction to DC magnet sputtering techniques for large area film fabrication is given.With different measurement methods,such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scan electron microscope (SEM),we analyzed large size film’s structure,appearance,and electrical and optical characteristics.The XRD spectrum indicated that the AZO film shows well zinc-blende structure with a preferred (002) growth and the c-axis is oriented normal to the substrate plane.The lattice constant is 5.603 9 nm and the mismatch with CdS thin film is only 2 percent.It absolutely satisfied the demand of the CIGS solar cell.The cross-section of the AZO thin film indicates the columnar structure and the surface morphology shows that the crystal size is about 50 nm that is consistent with the result of XRD spectrum.By the optical transmission curve,not only the high transmission rate over 85 percent in the visible spectrum between 400 nm and 700 nm was showed but also the band gap 3.1 eV was estimated. And all these parameters can meet the demand of the large area module of CIGS solar cell.The result is that using alloy target and Ar gas,and controlling the appropriate pressure of oxygen,we can get directional,condensed,uniform,high transmitting rate,low resistance and large size (300 mm×300 mm) AZO film.

In the present study,the authors measured samples of typical forest soils in different states with multi-angle hyperspectral polarized reflections.The authors analyzed multi-angle hyperspectral polarized reflections of soil data with various viewing zenith angles,incidence angles,relative azimuth angles,polarized states,soil water content and soil granule.The authors found that those factors affected the reflectance values of forest soils but not the spectral feature.The conclusions included that the larger the incidence angles and viewing zenith angles are,the bigger the polarized reflectance values of the surface of the forest soil.When the forest soil was dry,the surface had phenomenon of diffuse reflection and the polarized light reflection did not take place.When the soil moisture content reached a certain level,the polarized reflection appeared.The more the moisture content of the forest soil was,the smaller the polarized reflectance of the surface.The bigger the soil granule was and the rougher the soil surface was,the smaller the surface polarized reflectance.The results and conclusions suggested that the spectral characteristics of the ground target need to be considered adequately in order to design the best mode for sensor systems by remote sensing technology.The authors suggest that the incidence angle and viewing zenith angle be selected on the basis of factual instance.The authors suggest using larger viewing zenith angles and that the incidence angle should be equal to the viewing zenith angle.In the meantime,the effects of sheltering by ground targets need to be considered and the proper state of polarization should be chosen while keeping relative zenith angle at 180°.This study not only helps find a new way for detection of soil characters,but also provides a theoretical basis for further research on multi-angle hyperspectral polarized reflection for detecting characteristic spectrum and best states in measuring forest soil.

In order to describe physiological and pathological changes of the tongue more objectively,a method based on spectrum was investigated.According to lighting standard and observation condition recommended by International Commission on Illumination(CIE),reflectance spectrum was measured and normalized to eliminate the effect brought by measure condition.By picking up the signals at different wavelengths,the color of the tongue can be showed exactly.Many parameters related to human’s health,such as microstructure,composition and microcirculation of the tongue,can be acquired too.More effective and accurate information can be brought forward than the traditional methods.Preliminary experiment showed that it can not only reflect small differences of the tongue,but also can describe physiological and pathological changes.By reflecting the information with characteristic parameters,this method was combined with physical reference to promote the research process of TCM.

Through collecting the spectral signals of TIG and MIG welding arc with spectrometer,the arc light radiations were analyzed based on the basic theory of plasma physics.The radiation of welding arc distributes over a broad range of frequency,from infrared to ultraviolet.The arc spectrum is composed of line spectra and continuous spectra.Due to the variation of metal density in the welding arc,there is great difference between the welding arc spectra of TIG and MIG in both their intensity and distribution.The MIG welding arc provides more line spectra of metal and the intensity of radiation is greater than TIG.The arc spectrum of TIG welding is stable during the welding process,disturbance factors that cause the spectral variations can be reflected by the spectral line related to the corresponding element entering the welding arc.The arc spectrum of MIG welding will fluctuate severely due to droplet transfer,which produces “noise” in the line spectrum aggregation zone.So for MIG welding,the spectral zone lacking spectral line is suitable for welding quality diagnosis.According to the characteristic of TIG and MIG,special spectral zones were selected for welding quality diagnosis.For TIG welding,the selected zone is in ultraviolet zone (230-300 nm).For MIG welding,the selected zone is in visible zone (570-590 nm).With the basic theory provided for welding quality diagnosis,the integral intensity of spectral signal in the selected zone of welding process with disturbing factor was studied to prove the theory.The results show that the welding quality and disturbance factors can be diagnosed with good signal to noise ratio in the selected spectral zone compared with signal in other spectral zone.The spectral signal can be used for real-time diagnosis of the welding quality.

Random sample approaches were employed for the sampling scenario with 41 spots sampled in topsoil (0-20 cm) in Red Soil ecology experimental station,Poyang Lake ecology experimental station,and Qianyanzhou ecology experimental station in Jiangxi Province by global position system (GPS). The hyperspectral reflectance spectra of soil samples were measured in ultraviolet,visible,and near infrared region from 225 to 2 500 nm with an interval of 1nm.The change characteristics of soil hyperspectral reflectance curves were studied.The objective of the present paper was to develop a methodology to estimate soil attributes using spectral reflectance.The multiple linear stepwise regression analysis method was used to build hyperspectral models for the prediction of soil attributes,with 22 bands and 13 “reflectance inflexion differences” as independent variables and the soil attributes as dependent variables respectively.Root mean squared error (RMSE) was introduced to test the predictability and precision of the models,and the correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the stability of the models.Some attributes,such pH,SOC,TN,TP,CEC and available N,had the correlation coefficients higher than 0.80,while the value of TK,available P and available K was about 0.68.The results show that the method is feasible to predict the concentration of some soil attributes,while further study should be done for others attributes.

The noise distribution of soil hyperspectra measured by ASD FieldSpec Pro FR was described,and then the quantitative evaluation of spectral denoising with six filters was compared.From the interpretation of soil hyperspectra,the continuum removed,first-order differential and high frequency curves,the UV/VNIR (350-1 050 nm) exhibit hardly noise except the coverage of 40 nm in the beginning 350 nm.However,the SWIR (1 000-2 500 nm) shows different noise distribution.Especially,the latter half of SWIR 2(1 800-2 500 nm) showed more noise,and the intersection spectrum of three spectrometers has more noise than the neighbor spectrum.Six filters were chosen for spectral denoising.The smoothing indexes (SI),horizontal feature reservation index (HFRI) and vertical feature reservation index (VFRI) were designed for evaluating the denoising performance of these filters.The comparison of their indexes shows that WD and MA filters are the optimal choice to filter the noise,in terms of balancing the contradiction between the smoothing and feature reservation ability.Furthermore the first-order differential data of 66 denoising soil spectra by 6 filters were respectively used as the input of the same PLSR model to predict the sand content.The different prediction accuracies caused by the different filters show that compared to the feature reservation ability,the filter’s smoothing ability is the principal factor to influence the accuracy.The study can benefit the spectral preprocessing and analyzing,and also provide the scientific foundation for the related spectroscopy applications.

Cobalt(Ⅱ) polyamidomine dendrimer was prepared by the reaction of cobalt chloride,glyoxal and polyamidomine dendrimer of 5.0 generation.The interaction of cobalt (Ⅱ) polyamidomine dendrimer complex with herring sperm (hsDNA) was carried out using methylene blue (MB) as the probe molecule by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy.The results showed that the intensity of absorption peaks and fluorescence peaks increased when the complex interacted with hsDNA.The effect of sodium chloride showed that sodium ion can significantly constrain the interaction of cobalt(Ⅱ) polyamidomine dendrimer with hsDNA.The curves indicated the competitive inhibition of MB binding to hsDNA in the presence of cobalt (Ⅱ) polyamidomine dendrimer complexes,also MB could insert into interior of cobalt (Ⅱ) polyamidomine dendrimer complexes.The results suggested that the complex mainly interacted with negatively charged phosphate moieties on hsDNA through electrostatic attraction and stacked on the surface of double stranded hsDNA,which may reduce the binding affinity of MB to hsDNA in the surrounding site.It was indicated that sodium ion might neutralize the negatively charged phosphate backbone of hsDNA,and then weaken the electrostatic attraction between complexes and hsDNA.

Suspended sediment is one of the major optically active substances in coastal waters.The knowledge of its spectral characteristics is the basis for developing precise remote sensing inversion algorithms.Two separate continuous monitoring stations were set near the northern and southern coast of Hangzhou Bay separately,which is typically turbid area in China coastal waters.The above-water measurement method and the American ASD portable spectroscope were adopted to measure the water surface reflectance spectrum.The sediment concentrations of surface water were synchronously acquired when measuring water-leaving radiance.Results show that the sediments concentration is comparatively high and changes dramatically according to tide cycle.The reflectance spectrum at different wavelengths rises corresponding to the increase in sediments concentrations with different extent.When using first derivative method to analysis the spectral characteristic,it can be found that the first reflectance peaks of reflectance spectra appear to shift to long wavelength.There are different correlations between sediment concentrations and each MODIS channel reflectance,which are above 0.5 in 650 nm or longer wavelengths channels and below 0.5 in 400-550 nm channels.The fitting result of regression analysis is preferable with MODIS channel 2 (841-876 nm) and in situ sediment concentrations using least square method,with R2 of exponential above 0.8,which indicated that the MODIS channel 2 can be used for surface water suspended sediments remote sensing inversion,particularly in turbid waters such as bays and estuaries.

In the present article,feature selection/weighting based on SVM was employed to improve the algorithm of choosing reference spectrum through a multi-objective optimization approach proposed in reference [18].Based on the sensitive analysis,half of features having low weights in SVM classification model were eliminated iteratively.Two criteria,matching accuracy and classification confidence,were used to select the best-performing feature subset.Three scenarios were designed:(1) only feature subset selected by SVM was used;(2) both feature subset and global weights were used,in which global weights were the coefficients of selected features in the SVM classification model;(3) both feature subset and local weights,which changed with the distance of a sample point to the SVM separation plan,were used.Experiment executed on the popular Indiana AVIRIS data set indicate that under all the three scenarios,spectral matching accuracies were increased by 13%-17% compared to the situation without feature selection.The result obtained under scenario 3 is the most accurate and the most stable,which can be primarily attributed to the ability of local weights to accurately describe local distribution of spectra from the same class in feature space.Moreover,scenario 3 can be regarded as the extension of scenario 2 because when spectra far away from the separation plane are selected as reference spectrums for matching,the features’ weights will not be considered.The results obtained under scenario 1 and 2 are very similar,indicating that considering global weights is not necessary.The research presented in this paper advanced the spectrum analysis using SVM to a higher level.

The increase in atmospheric CH4 concentration, on the one hand through the radiation process,will directly cause climate change,and on the other hand,cause a lot of changes in atmospheric chemical processes,indirectly causing climate change.The rapid growth of atmospheric methane has gained attention of governments and scientists.All countries in the world now deal with global climate change as an important task of reducing emissions of greenhouse gases,but the need for monitoring the concentration of methane gas, in particular precision monitoring,can be scientifically formulated to provide a scientific basis for emission reduction measures.So far,CH4 gas emissions of different animal production systems have received extensive research.The methane emission by ruminant reported in the literature is only estimation.This is due to the various factors that affect the methane production in ruminant,there are various variables associated with the techniques for measuring methane production,the techniques currently developed to measure methane are unable to accurately determine the dynamics of methane emission by ruminant,and therefore there is an urgent need to develop an accurate method for this purpose.Currently,spectroscopy technique has been used and is relatively a more accurate and reliable method.Various spectroscopy techniques such as modified infrared spectroscopy methane measuring system,laser and near-infrared sensory system are able to achieve the objective of determining the dynamic methane emission by both domestic and grazing ruminant.Therefore spectroscopy technique is an important methane measuring technique,and contributes to proposing reduction methods of methane.

In the present paper,the ASD Field Spec Pro FRTM spectroradiometer was used for measuring damages of O.asiaticus in Xilin GolLeague,Inner Mongolia.First,the hyper-spectral data were analyzed and the canopy reflectance spectral data were compared between the healthy leaves and the infected leaves of Leymus chinensis.Second,the regression models between the leaf area index (LAI) and the hyper-spectral parameters were built,and different varieties of the O.asiaticus damage were used to test its precision.The results showed that there was a high correlation of three hyper-spectral data between the LAI and the first derivative data.Moreover the disease index (DI) model,which is mostly suitable for use in indicating the intensity of grasshoppers damage in the study area,containing the ratio of the sum of first derivative within red peak regions (620-760 nm,SDr) to the sum of first derivative within blue peak regions (430-470 nm,SDb) was the best one.From the model,there were no damage if DI was over 72.43,slight damage if DI was between 51.57 and 79.83,and serious damage if DI was less than 51.57.The model had the highest prediction precision with the correlation coefficient of prediction of 0.948,and the mean relative error of 3.928%.These results showed a good prediction of the model and indicated that the grasshopper damage could be estimated at the canopy level using hyper-spectral reflectance.

Through the hydraulic lubrication oil spectrometric analysis,we monitored the state of the power-shift steering transmission (PSST) equipped on the track armored vehicle for a long time.Combined with the friction material analysis inside the PSST,based on the concentration analysis of the wear and tear particle inside the oil,the authors estimated the wear and tear state of the PSST and judged if the PSST had the fault hidden trouble.So we can avoid the serious fault,provide the academic and actual basis for RCM and enhance the dependability for the track armored vehicle.The result of examples proves that the characteristic parameter of oil spectrometric analysis has very high stability and veracity.This method has proved effective in fault diagnosis based on oil spectrometric analysis on multifarious power-transmission systems in our army.This method is a breakthrough of the traditional maintainance model and has great useful military values.

Polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) thin-films were made on planar and textured glass substrates by aluminum-induced crystallization (AIC) of in situ amorphous silicon (a-Si) deposited by DC-magnetron.The poly-Si films were characterized by Raman spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM).A narrow and symmetrical Ranman peak at the wave number of about 521 cm-1 was observed for all samples,indicating that the films were fully crystallized.XRD results show that the crystallites in the authors’ AIC poly-Si films were preferably (111) oriented.The measurement of full width at half maximum (FWHW) of (111) XRD peaks showed that the quality of the films was affected by the a-Si deposition temperature and the surface morphology of the glass substrates.It is likely that an a-Si deposition temperature of 200℃ seems to be ideal for the preparation of poly-Si films by AIC.

Under the effect of ultrasonic waves,premonitory LixMoS2 was prepared by n-butyl lithium intercalating in the MoS2 layers,using the single-molecular-layer exfoliated-restacked technology. The value of x was in the range from 0.93 to 0.96 determined by atomic absorption spectrometry.Micro-structure and essential regularity of LixMoS2 were disclosed,for example octahedral configuration of LixMoS2 was metastable.It could provide experimental data for synthesizing new hydrogenation catalysts for interaction of MoS2 with high activity and selectivity.This work will lay the foundation for the research on hydrogenation catalysts and the production of high value-added MoS2.

In acetate buffer solution,the reaction of H2O2 with KI was catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to form I-3.The I-3 combined respectively with rhodamine S(RhS),rhodamine 6G(Rh6G),rhodamine B(RhB) and butyl-rhodamine B(b-RhB) to form RhS-I3,Rh6G-I3,RhB-I3 and b-RhB-I3 association particles,resulting in the fluorescence quenching at 580,580,554 and 554 nm,respectively.The effect of pH value,rhodamine dye concentration,KI concentration,H2O2 concentration,reaction temperature and time on the fluorescence quenching intensity (ΔF) of the four catalytic systems was considered respectively.For the RhS,Rh6G,RhB and b-RhB catalytic systems,pH 4.6-3.2×10－5 mol·L-1 RhS-4×10－3mol·L-1 KI-1.30×10－5mol·L-1 H2O2-25 ℃-20 min,4.8-2.4×10＿5 mol·L-1 Rh6G-4×10－3mol·L-1 KI-2.59×10－5mol·L-1 H2O2-25 ℃-20 min,4.6-1.6×10－5 mol·L-1 RhB-4×10－3mol·L-1 KI-2.16×10－5mol·L-1 H2O2-25 ℃-20 min,and 4.6-1.6×10－5 mol·L-1 b-RhB-4×10－3mol·L-1 KI-3.02×10－5mol·L-1 H2O2-25 ℃-20 min were chosen for use respectively.Under the optimal conditions,the HRP linear range was 8-6400 pg·mL-1 for the RhS catalytic system,40-4000 pg·mL-1 for the Rh6G catalytic system,32-3200 pg·mL-1 for the RhB catalytic system and 40-6400 pg·mL-1 for the b-RhB catalytic system,with a detection limit of 3.2,3.0,2.4 and 3.7 pg·mL-1 HRP,respectively.The regress equation of the four catalytic systems was ΔF=0.0611c+39.6,ΔF＝0.0472c+50.4,ΔF＝0.1386c+34.2 and ΔF＝0.02625c+36.72,with a correlation coefficient of 0.9979,0.9990,0.9973 and 0.9969,respectively.The RhS catalytic system was most sensitive,and was chosen for the determination of HRP.The influence of foreign substance on the RhS assay of 3.5 ng·mL-1 HRP was examined,with a relative error of ±10%.A 3000-times L-glutamic acid,L-lysine,Ca2+,Mg2+,Cu2+,Fe3+,Zn2+ and vitamin B6,1000-times HAS etc did not interfere with the assay.This showed that the assay has good selectivity.The RhS fluorescence quenching assay was applied to the determination of HRP in the solution of hepatitis B surface antibody labeling HRP,with satisfactory results.The HRP content was (13.6±0.5)ng·mL-1 HRP.The recovery was in the range of 99%-108%.

Cadmium (Cd) is an important heavy metal pollution,and NO is a bioactive molecule,which was found to participate in the reaction of plant to Cd.Leaves from tomato seedlings pretreated with 100 μmol·L-1 sodium nitroprusside (SNP,as NO donor) 1 day prior to being treated with 50 μmol·L-1 Cd for 7 days were used as materials,and chloroplasts were isolated from the leaves to study the effects of NO on the spectroscopic characteristics of chlorophyll.The results of absorption spectra of chloroplasts showed that NO alleviated the effects of Cd on absorption spectra of chloroplast by raising the relative absorbance at 436 nm,480 nm and 470 nm,which caused lower contents of carotinoid and chlorophyll.Fluorescence emission spectra of chloroplasts indicated that NO alleviated effect of Cd,and the relative absorbance at 686 nm and 734 nm decreased 17% and 10% respectively,while they decreased 33% and 23% respectively in chloroplasts treated with Cd.DCPIP analysis results showed that NO alleviated the inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport by Cd,and consequently the electron transport rate reached the same level of control.

The effect of pulsed electric field (PEF) on the secondary and tertiary structure of lipoxygenase (LOX) in a buffer solution was analyzed using far UV-circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence spectrophotometry,respectively.The secondary and tertiary structure of LOX changed after PEF treatment.The CD spectra of LOX also changed,with the intensity of two negative peaks and the content of α-helix significantly decreased (p＜0.05). The decrease in α-helix content in LOX showed a good linear correlation with the electric field strength.The fluorescence intensity of LOX increased,and the relative fluorescence intensity of the two characteristic peaks of LOX emission spectra at 337 nm and 583 nm also showed a good linear correlation with the electric field strength.These results showed that the activity inactivation of LOX may be due to the alteration in secondary structure,and both had a good relation.

In the present paper,SrS:Eu,Sm phosphors for the broad frequency infrared up-conversion were prepared.XRD analysis indicates that the SrS:Eu,Sm samples calcined at 1 100 ℃ for 1 h exhibit good luminescence properties and they are face-center cubic structure of SrS.Excitation spectrum reveals that the samples can be excited by ultra violet and visible light.Fluorescence spectrum of the samples is composed of four emission peaks at 567 nm,589 nm,602 nm and 648 nm respectively.Infrared photo-stimulation luminescence spectrum is a broad-band spectrum peaking at about 595 nm.Infrared response range of the samples is mainly between 800 and 1 400 nm.

In the present paper,the binding reaction between meso-tetra-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-Zn porphyrin (TPP-Zn) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) was studied at different temperatures by fluorescence method.It was shown that meso-tetra-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-Zn porphyrin has a strong ability of quenching the fluorescence of bovine serum albumin.Based on the mechanisms of fluorescence quenching of bovine serum albumin caused by meso-tetra-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-Zn porphyrin,the binding constants between meso-tetra-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-Zn porphyrin and bovine serum albumin were measured under different temperatures.The experiment showed that meso-tetra-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-Zn porphyrin and bovine serum albumin have strong interactions.The binding constants of the reaction at 27 ℃,35 ℃ and 42 ℃ were 1.521×106 L·mol-1,7.048×105 L·mol-1 and 1.473×105 L·mol-1,respectively,and were decreased with increasing the temperature.The constants of maximum diffusion collision quenching rate-Kq were above 2.0×1010 L·mol-1·s-1.Therefore,the sort of quenching between meso-tetra-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-Zn porphyrin and bovine serum albumin was determined as static quenching.By the theory of Frster of non-radiation energy transfer,the binding distance and the energy transfer efficiency at 27 ℃ between meso-tetra-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-Zn porphyrin (accepter of energy) and bovine serum albumin (donor of energy) were obtained, respectively.The binding distance was 3.72 nm,which is less than 7 nm,therefore,the interaction was similar to the non-radiation energy transfer,and the static quenching was further proved.According to the thermodynamic parameters, the main sorts of binding force between meso-tetra-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-Zn porphyrin and bovine serum albumin could be judged as electrostatic force when ΔG＜0,ΔH＜0 and ΔS＞0.

A new toxic protein named malanin was isolated from seeds of Malania oleifera by hydrophobic chromatography,whose cytotoxic activities against carcinoma cells were very strong.The conformational changes of malanin at various temperatures,pH,organic solvents,surfactant,denaturant and fluorescence quenching solvents were studied by fluorescence spectra.The fluorescence spectra of malanin excited at 280 nm and 295 nm showed a maximum at 340 nm.The emission spectra of malanin showed that Trp residues were located by a great degree in the hydrophobic area.Addition of SDS,CH5N3·HSCN,acrylamide and KI led to changes in the molecular conformation of malanin,and caused the fluorescence quenching of Trp residues.The red-shifted emission band of malanin after adding CH5N3·HSCN showed that Trp residues were exposed in polar solvents.

The ultraviolet absorption spectra of pyrazoles and 1-carboxamidepyrazoles were studied.The results indicated that substitution in the 3 or the 5 position it leads to a bathochromic shift of the position of the maximum absorption by about 3-4 nm,whereas in the 4 position leads to a much larger bathochromic shift (>10 nm).The introduction of carboxamide causes a bathochromic shift of the position of the maximum absorption by about 20-26nm.Its also leads to an increase in molar extinction coefficient by about 2-3 times.So UV methods were established for determining the contents of pyrazoles and their derivations.Using these methods,the content of 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) in stabilized urea was determined to be 1.15% of urea-N,the hydrolytic half lives of 1-carboxamide-3-methylpyrazole (CMP) in water solution at 20,25 and 30℃ were 48,30 and 16h,respectively,and the extraction percentage of nitrification inhibitor 3-methylpyrazole phosphate (MPP) in 3 soils by 3 different extractants were ranged from 63.2% to 89.2%.

UV absorption spectrum of artemisinin and transient absorption spectra of various concentrations of artemisinin reacting with sodium hydroxide were measured by using an intensified spectroscopic detector ICCD.The exposure time of each spectrum was 0.1ms.Results indicate that artemisinin has an obvious UV absorption band centered at 212.52 nm and can react with sodium hydroxide easily.All absorption spectra of different concentrations of artemisinin reacting with sodium hydroxide have the similar changes,but the moment at which the changes happened is different.After adding sodium hydroxide into artemisinin in ethanol solution,there was a new absorption band centered at 288 nm appearing firstly.As reaction went on,the intensity of another absorption band centered at 260 nm increased gradually.At the end of the reaction,a continuous absorption band from 200 to 350 nm with the peak at 245 nm formed finally.No other transient absorption spectral data are available on the reaction of artemisinin with sodium hydroxide currently.The new spectral information obtained in this experiment provides very important experimental basis for understanding the properties of artemisinin reacting with alkaline medium and is useful for correctly using of artemisinin as a potential anticancer drug.

Colloidal silver nanoparticles were synthesized in water-in-oil microemulsion using silver nitrate solubilized in the water core of a microemulsion as source of silver ions,hydrazine hydrate solubilized in the water core of another one as reducing agent,cyclohexane as the continuous phase,and sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) as the surfactant.The main factors affecting the formation of silver nanoparticles were systematically studied.Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectra were used for analyzing the effects of reaction parameters,including the type of reducing agents,the molar ratio of water to surfactant and the concentration of AgNO3 and AOT and so on,on the formation of silver nanoparticles.Original results for the controllable synthesis of silver nanoparticles were obtained when the synthesis proceeded in AOT-cyclohexane-AgNO3 microemulsion.The UV-Vis spectra of silver sols formed in the microemulsion with various parameters were studied systematically.The results show that the amount and average size of the obtained nanoparticles obviously depend on the above parameters.When the concentration of AgNO3 is lower,smaller silver nanoparticles are easy to form by increasing the concentration of AgNO3 appropriately.The higher W value was found to form larger numbers of silver nanoparticles with larger particle size.Compared to the solubility of NaBH4 in AOT reverse micelles,hydrazine hydrate is well soluble in these micelles,and thus it is favorable to reduce the silver ions solubilized in the water core of AOT-cyclohexane-AgNO3 microemulsion.The increase in the concentration of AOT induces an increase in the number of AOT micelles and a decrease in the molar ratio of water to surfactant.As a result,the solubilization capacity of reactants in the micelles increases and the radii of the micelles decrease.That is to say,with the increase in AOT concentration,the amount of the formed nanoparticles increases and the average size of the particles decreases.

The excitation temperature of plasma with slurry nebulization into inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry was determined and reported in the present paper.Ti-lines and multi spectrum lines method were chosen and used to determine the excitation temperature with nebulization into the inductively coupled plasma with both aqueous solution and 0.05% titanium slurry.There were approximately the same plasma excitation temperatures of 5 000-6 000 K for the two nebulization ways.The experiment verified that the excitation temperature only showed a little increase with RF power increasing.This means that the atomization efficiency did not change remarkably with slurry nebulization into the inductively coupled plasma if only the RF power was increased.Therefore,the analytical results were not much improved in the inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry with slurry nebulization when only changing RF power.

In the present paper,trace elements contents of cuprum,zincum,manganese and ferrum in mungbean and their primary speciation distribution during enzymatic hydrolization were investigated with ICP-AES OPTIMA 5300DV plasma emission spectroscopy.The trace elements were separated into two forms,i.e.dissolvable form and particulate form,by cellulose membrane with 0.45 μm of pore diameter.All the samples were digested by strong acid (perchloric acid and nitric acid with 1:4 ratio ).The parameters of primary speciations of the four elements were calculated and discussed.The results showed:(1) Contents of cuprum,zincum,manganese and ferrum in mungbean were 12.77,31.26,18.14 and 69.38 μg·g-1 (of dry matter),respectively.Different treatment resulted in different elemental formulation in product,indicating that more attention should be paid to the trace elements pattern when producing mungbean beverage with different processes.(2) Extraction rates of cuprum,zincum,manganese and ferrum in extract were 68.84%,51.84%,63.97% and 30.40% with enzymatic treatments and 36.22%,17.58%,7.85% and 22.99% with boil treatment,respectively.Both boil and enzymatic treatments led to poor elemental extraction rates,which proved that it was necessary to take deep enzymatic hydrolysis treatment in mungbean beverage process as the trace element utilization rate was concerned.(3) Amylase,protease and cellulose showed different extraction effectiveness of the four trace elements.Generally,protease exhibited highest efficiency for the four elements extraction.All of the four trace elements were mostly in dissolvable form in all hydrolysates and soup.(4) Relative standard deviations and recovery yields are within 0.12%-0.90%(n=11) and 98.6%-101.4%,respectively.The analysis method in this paper proved to be accurate.

A new method for the determination of free Cu2+,Pb2+ and Cd2+ in environmental sample using potassium hexatitanate whisker as a solid-phase extractant and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) as a sensitive detector has been developed.The adsorption rate of Cu2+,Pb2+ and Cd2+ by potassium hexatitanate whisker was 98% at pH 5.0,and Cu2+,Pb2+ and Cd2+ could be eluted from potassium hexatitanate whisker with HNO3 (C:3 mol·L-1).The Cu2+,Pb2+ and Cd2+ in environmental samples were preconcentrated with potassium hexatitanate whisker and determined by ICP-AES,the detection limits of Cu2+,Pb2+ and Cd2+ (3σ,n=9) were 0.007 1,0.006 8 and 0.007 1 μg·mL-1,and the relative standard deviations (RSD) were 0.63%,0.61% and 0.50%,respectively.The method was applied to the determination of analytes in real samples,such as chrysanthemum and loquat leaf.And good results were obtained (recoveries were 90%-102.9%).The results obtained indicate that the potassium hexatitanate whisker has good regenerate capability.

A new method for analysing the contents of many metalic elements,such as Ta,Nb,Sn,Ti,W,Fe,Mn,Al,Pb,Ce,Y,Sc,Pr,Sm,Nd,U,Th etc,in refractory tantalum-niobium slag by ICP-AES was developed.The samples processing procedures involve two steps,being first decomposed by potassium carbonate and boric acid at 950 ℃ for 15min,then leached by hydrochloride and tartaric acid at 90 ℃ for 30 min.The interference of flux and tin matrix in analyzing the other elements was eliminated by the utilization of matrix matching method.This method showed satisfactory precision and accuracy with the RSDs between 0.27% and 5.48% and the recovery rates between 94.0% and 109.6%.The analysis results indicated that highly valuable metals of Sn,Ta,Nb,Ti,W and Ce are rich in the refractory tantalum-niobium slag,showing that it has the great potential for comprehensive utilization.However,the analysis result also showed that the slag is a radioactive pollution source due to a small amount of U and Th.This method is simple and fast,and has the advantage of analyzing many elements simultaneously.The accurate analytic results provided a basis for the future researches on the comprehensive utilization of refractory tantalum-niobium slag.

Fertilizer contains not only one compound or one element,so it is important to determine the contents of other elements necessitous and beneficial to plant.All the other nutrient elements for plant,including necessitous elements and beneficial elements in ammonia nitrogen fertilizer ((NH4)2SO4) and CO(NH2)2,were analyzed by method of ICP-MS.The results showed that ammonia nitrogen fertilizer ((NH4)2SO4) and CO(NH2)2 both contain many necessitous elements,Mg,P,K,Ca,Mn,Fe,Ni,Cu,Zn and Mo,thereinto the contents of Mg,P,K,Ca,Mn and Fe were on μg·g-1 the level,and Ni,Cu,Zn and Mo were on the ng·g-1 level;compared with CO(NH2)2,ammonia nitrogen fertilizer ((NH4)2SO4) contains more necessitous elements and beneficial elements except Mo and Si.All the above elements could influence the results of nitrogen fertilizer efficiency experiments,so pure fertilizer should be used in the future nitrogen fertilizer efficiency experiments and the comparative experiments of different form nitrogen fertilizer.

Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of low molecular weight,cysteine-rich and metal-binding functional proteins.Transgenic MT mushroom can be used as functional food additives,but its zinc-enriching ability has not been studied systemically until now.The zinc contents in mycelia of transgenic MT mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) and wild type mushroom mycelia cultivated in different zinc concentration media were analyzed by ICP-OES.The growth status,zinc-enriching ability and degree of zinc in organic form (DZOF) were also analyzed.Results showed that MT mushroom mycelia grew rapidly,but the growth was inhibited when the zinc content in solid media was higher than 1.6 mmol·L-1.MT mushroom mycelia could enrich more zinc than that of wild type,and the zinc content in MT mushroom mycelia could be 2.56-27.49 mg·kg-1 when it was cultivated in a liquid media with 0.6-1.2 mmol·L-1 zinc.DZOF of MT mushroom mycelia in a liquid media with 0.6 mmol·L-1 zinc at 7 d was significantly higher (88.7%) than that in the wild type (82.1%,α=0.05),but there was no significant difference in DZOF when the MT mushroom mycelia was cultivated in a liquid media with different zinc content at 7 d.

Samples were digested by microwave digestion.The selenium content in selenium enriched Cordyceps militaris was determined by ICP-MS method,HPLC/fluorometric method,and 3,3-diaminobenzidine method separately.And the detection conditions,the lowest detection limit and the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the three determination methods were compared.The detection conditions of the three methods for the detection of selenium content in selenium enriched Cordyceps militaris were established.It was showed that the lowest detection limit of ICP-MS method,HPLC/fluorometric method,and 3,3-diaminobenzidine method was 0.260 7,0.182 1 and 10.485 9 μg·L-1 respectively,and this means that the lowest detection limit of ICP-MS method was the lowest and that of 3,3-diaminobenzidine method was the highest.For the same sample the relative standard deviation (RSD) of ICP-MS method was the lowest and the RSD of 3,3-diaminobenzidine method was the highest.It was recommended that selenium content is determined by ICP-MS and HPLC/fluorometric method when the selenium in the sample is very low and by 3,3-diaminobenzidine method when the content is rather high.

With the rapid development of transgenic plant,more and more attention has been paid to its ecological safety.Dual-toxin transgenic (Bt+CpTI) cottons and regular cotton were studied by ICP-MS to detect the concentration of heavy metals.The results showed that the sequence of concentration of heavy metals is root>leaf>stem in cotton;the transgenic cotton accumulated less Cd and As than regular cotton in all the organs;and the content of Cr in leaf and stem of transgenic cotton was lower than that in regular cotton, while the content of Pb was lower only in stem.All the data showed that the insertion of foreign gene (Bt) might change the absorbing dynamics of most heavy metal.The reason for this change should be studied further.

Potassium is one of the three most important plant nutrient elements,so many researchers pay attention on its fertilizer efficiency.But fertilizers were all industrial products containing many other nutrient elements in most experiments of fertilizer efficiency.All the other nutrient elements,including necessitous elements and beneficial elements in potassium fertilizer (KCl) were analyzed by method of ICP-MS.The results showed that KCl fertilizer contained many necessitous elements (Mg,Ca,Mn,Fe,Ni,Cu,Zn and Mo),the concentrations of them are 50.51,1 309.48,5.44,500.83 μg·g-1 and 65.54,238..85,212.44,10.40 ng·g-1 respectively;beneficial elements (Na,Al,Si,Co and Se) are 25 095.89,3.83,3.40 μg·g-1 and 13.12,23.25 ng·g-1 respectively.All the above elements could influence the results of potassium fertilizer efficiency experiments,so pure fertilizer should be used in the future potassium fertilizer efficiency experiments.

Nanometer barium-strontium titanate immobilized on silica gel G was successfully prepared by the citrate acid sol-gel method and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD),scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR).By means of the determination of flame atomic absorption spectrometry(FAAS),the adsorption behavior of immobilized nanometer-barium strontium titanate for cadmium ion was investigated.The results showed that the nanometer barium-strontium titanate was immobilized on the silica gel G firmly,gaining a new sort of adsorbent.And the cadmium ion studied could be quantitatively retained in the pH value range of 4-7.The adsorption behavior followed a Freundlich adsorption isotherm and a pseudo-second-order kinetic model.The thermodynamic constants of the adsorption process,such as enthalpy changes(ΔH),Gibbs free energy changes(ΔG) and entropy changes(ΔS),were evaluated.These showed that the adsorption of cadmium ion by immobilized nanometer barium-strontium titanate was endothermic and spontaneous physical process.The cadmium ion adsorbed could be completely eluted using 1 mol·L-1 HNO3.A new method for the determination of trace cadmium ion in water based on this immobilized nanometer barium-strontium titanate preconcentration and FAAS determination was proposed.The method has been applied to the determination of trace cadmium ion in tap water and river water with satisfactory results.

A sodion triethylenetetramine-bisdithiocarbamate(DTC-TETA) and its complexes with heavy metal ions were investigated by FTIR,UV,FAAS and elemental analysis,respectively.The FTIR spectrum of DTC-TETA showed strong absorption peaks at 1 461-1 388 cm-1 and 1 174-996 cm-1 which were attributed to partly double bonds of C and C,respectively.The UV spectrum of DTC-TETA had two absorption peaks at 265 and 290 nm,assigned to π—π* transition of N…C…S radical and nonbonding electron n—π* transition of S…C…S radical to conjugated system,respectively.The elemental analysis results demonstrated that the mol ratio of C,H,N and S in DTC-TETA was about 2:4:1:1.As for UV spectrum of its complexes with Cu(Ⅱ),Cd(Ⅱ),Zn(Ⅱ) and Ni(Ⅱ), there were four new absorption peaks at 321,310,311 and 325 nm,respectively.Coupled to flow-injection,FAAS determination showed that the complexation performance of Cu2+,Cd2+,Ni2+ and Zn2+ complexes of DTC-TETA was better than that of sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC).

Flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) was applied to the determination of rubidium and cesium in chloride type oilfield water by considering the interferences of the coexistent K+,Na+,Ca2+,and Mg2+ ions.Standard curve method and standard addition method were compared in the determination of rubidium and cesium in the simulated oilfield water and the real oilfield water from the Nanyishan region in Qaidam Basin.Although rubidium and cesium have similar physical-chemical properties,they present different characters during their analyses using the FAAS technique.When the standard addition method was used for the determination of rubidium and cesium in the simulated oilfield water,the results of rubidium were very poor,whereas the results of cesium were satisfactory.When the standard curve method was used for the determination of rubidium and cesium in the simulated oilfield water,the results of both rubidium and cesium were satisfactory within the linear ranges of the standard curves.For the real oilfield water,standard addition method is also only applicable for the determination of cesium with a recovery ranging from 90% to 110%.While standard curve method is applicable for the determination of both rubidium and cesium with a recovery ranging from 90% to 110%.

The existence of fake tea from non-origin seriously impacts on the credibility of the famous tea.A method was developed to identify tea from difference regions on the basis of the fact that the content of heavy metals in different origin tea is varied by using X-ray fluorescence technique and pattern recognition technique.Samples from different origins were grouped respectively,and their X-ray fluorescence spectra were acquired,and then the principal components of these spectral data were calculated,and the average of the principal components of each group was used as the center of each group.The Mahalanobis distance value between a sample and the center of a group were calculated,when the Mahalanobis distance value reached minimum,the sample was classed to current group,and in this way,a sample was identified.A Niton 792 portable X-ray spectrometer was used to class 120 tea samples from Anji,Jinhua,Hangzhou and Taizhou,in zhejiang province of China.It was found that the spectra between 3 and 13 KeV and the first 4 principal components give enough information for the identification of tea from different regions,and the rate of error was 4.2%.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) supported platinum electrocatalyst Pt/CNTs with high dispersion were prepared by a modified ethylene glycol method with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as the stabilizer.UV-Vis,FTIR and XRD spectroscopic analysis methods were used to study the preparation of the electrocatalysts,and the effect of the SDS addition to the ethylene glycol solution on the structure as well as the electrocatalytic activity of the Pt/CNTs electrocatalysts were also investigated.The results showed that PtCl2-6 could form a complex compound with SDS,and all PtCl2-6 were completely reduced by ethylene glycol;oxygen containing groups were produced on the surface of CNTs to facilitate the Pt nanoparticle absorption,and no SDS remained on the electrocatalysts;the Pt/CNTs electrocatalysts exhibited face-centered cubic structure;the particle size of Pt/CNTs-2 catalyst prepared by SDS addition was about 4.5 nm.The CV test results showed that the Pt/CNTs-2 catalyst showed higher methanol electro-oxidation activity compared with Pt/CNTs-1 prepared by traditional ethylene glycol reduction method.

Based on the technology of tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) in conjunction with second harmonic wave detection,a long open-path TDLAS system using a 1.65 μm InGaAsP distributed feedback laser was developed,which is used for detecting pipeline leakage.In this system, a high cost performance Fresnel lens is used as the receiving optical system,which receives the laser-beam reflected by a solid corner cube reflector,and focuses the receiving laser-beam to the InGaAs detector.At the same time,the influences of the concentration to the fluctuation of light intensity were taken into account in the process of measurement,and were eliminated by the method of normalized light intensity.As a result,the measurement error caused by the fluctuation of light intensity was made less than 1%.The experiment of natural gas leakage detection was simulated,and the detection sensitivity is 0.1×10-6 (ratio by volume) with a total path of 320 m.According to the receiving light efficiency of the optical system and the detectable minimum light intensity of the detector,the detectable maximal optical path of the system was counted to be 2 000 m.The results of experiment show that it is a feasible design to use the Fresnel lens as the receiving optical system and can satisfy the demand of the leakage detection of natural gas.

Spatial heterodyne spectroscopy (SHS) is a new spectroscopic technique which can achieve high spectral resolution.The basic concepts of spatial heterodyne spectrometer was described.A method of data processing for interferogram of spatial heterodyne spectrometer was presented based on its characteristics.First order difference was performed for eliminating the baseline of interferogram.The triangular function was chosen as apodization function.The process of phase correction for Fourier transform spectrum is described.The wavelength calibration curve of SHS experimental system was obtained by measuring sodium light double line and mercury light double line.The spectral inversion accuracy of spatial heterodyne spectrometer can be effectively improved by use of this method.

A miniature static Fourier transform spectrometer (MSFTS) as the component of coherent discriminating laser warning receiver (CDLWR) was designed in the present study by using a modified wedge interfering etalon (MWIE),a linear charge couple device (CCD) and a fast digital signal processor (DSP).The MSFTS possesses some advantages such as small volume,low cost,high speed,stable performance and good signal to noise ratio.MSFTS can detect the spectrum of HIPL,the short pulse width of laser is about 10 ns,and the spectrum scope is from 400 to 1 100 nm.The key element of MSFTS is MWIE which is composed of two triangle prisms,one of which is a right angle prism with two equal acute angles of 45°,another prism has no right angle,one of the acute angles is 45°,and another is slightly smaller than 45°.The long sides of the two prisms were bonded by transparent glass glue,and the adhesive surface is plated with special material which serves as a beam splitter (BS).The incident laser will be split into two equal strength beams with continuously changing optical path difference,the two beams will interfere and form interferogram which will be focused by a cylinder as a line and transformed as s electronic signal by CCD.The electronic signal was processed by using a DSP,and finally we obtained the spectrum of the incident hostile laser by applying fast Fourier transform (FFT).We have established the experiment system of MSFTS,and used the system and the spectrometer Q8344A made by Advantest Company in Japan to measure the spectra of the seven lasers with different central wavelengths:635,650,670,780,808,850 and 980 nm.The measurement result shows that the worst wavelength resolution is 8.845 nm at 1 100 nm,the best wavelength resolution is 1.170 nm at 400 nm,the relative average error of central wavelength is 0.269 nm,the absolute average error is 0.919 nm and signal-to-noise ratio of our experiment system is better than that of Q8344A.

Using butt emission infrared sensors,radio receiving and sending modules,double function integrated circuit with code and code translation,LED etc,a digital acoustic burglar alarm system using infrared radio to realize remote control was designed.It uses infrared ray invisible to eyes,composing area of radio distance.Once people and objects shelter the infrared ray,a testing signal will be output by the tester,and the sender will be triggered to work.The radio coding signal that sender sent is received by the receiver,then processed by a serial circuit.The control signal is output to trigger the sounder to give out an alarm signal,and the operator will be cued to notice this variation.At the same time,the digital display will be lighted and the alarm place will be watched.Digital coding technology is used,and a number of sub alarm circuits can joint the main receiver,so a lot of places can be monitored.The whole system features a module structure,with the property of easy alignment,stable operation,debug free and so on.The system offers an alarm range reaching 1 000 meters in all directions,and can be widely used in family,shop,storehouse,orchard and so on.