Fig. 1. High-stability custom microscope^[25]. (a) High-stability home-built microscope; (b) closed-loop control of the density of fluorophores

Fig. 2. easySTORM microscope utilizing optical autofocus^[30]. (a) Schematic of the optica path of easySTORM microscope with optical autofocus; (b) schematic of processes to train CNN for optical autofocus; (c) diagram of data process stages for two-step autofocus

Fig. 3. Optical path of homogeneous illumination with large FOV using multimode fiber^[44]

Fig. 4. Principles of Waveguide-TIRF^[47-49]. (a) Schematic of waveguide structure; (b) schematic of laser path inside the waveguide; (c) sample is illuminated by evanescent wave generated by laser inside the waveguide; (d) optical setup of Waveguide-TIRF; (e) comparison of traditional TIRF lighting technology and Waveguide-TIRF lighting technology

Fig. 5. Comparison of two large FOV illumination schemes based on prisms^[51-53]. (a) Mesolens TIRF based on prism; (b) schematic of Mesolens; (c) free switching between TIRF and Hilo by implementing a 4π cage structure

Fig. 6. Schematics and DOF (depth of field) of different PSFs^[55]. (a) Schematic of astigmatic PSF; (b) schematic of double-helix PSF; (c) schematic of self-bending PSF; (d) schematic of Saddle-point PSF; (e) schematic of 6 μm-Tetrapod PSF; (f) schematic of 20 μm-Tetrapod PSF; (g) PSF modulated by using phase mask; (h) DOF of different PSFs

Fig. 7. Schematic of 6 μm-Tetrapod and 20 μm-Tetrapod and their phase^[61]

Fig. 8. Principles of remote focus technology based on deformable mirror or ETL. (a)‒(c) Schematic of the remote focus technology based on deformable mirror^[69]; (d) schematic of the remote focus technology based on ETL^[70]

Fig. 9. Heterogeneous computing platform for processing raw images in super-resolution localization microscope (SRLM)^[80]. (a) The system configuration; (b) the data processing steps in HCP-STORM; (c) the data processing steps in QC-STORM

Fig. 10. Computational framework for generating a panoramic super-resolution image^[81]

Fig. 11. High-throughput SMLM microscope^[22]. (a) Schematic of automated multicolor 3D biplanar-astigmatism SMLM microscope; (b) diagram of scalable data pipeline for real-time localization and automated post-localization analysis; (c) 3D multicolor SMLM imaging for 10000 cells a day

Fig. 12. Schematic of FD-DeepLoc^[83]. (a) Visual representation of the FD-DeepLoc in training process; (b) FD-DeepLoc enabling high quality 3D super-resolution reconstruction of thick neurites over a large FOV. Scale bar is 50 mm; (c) FD-DeepLoc enabling 3D super-resolution imaging of mitochondria within a large FOV and DOF. Scale bar is 50 mm