Fig. 1. Polarization distribution of VBs with different phase

Fig. 2. Poincaré sphere representation for VBs^［53］

Fig. 3. Generation of VBs through the active methods^{［18，55-58］}

Fig. 4. Generation of VBs through the passive methods^{［59-60，64-66］}

Fig. 5. Modulating spatial anisotropy of the atomic medium using VBs^{［108-110］}

Fig. 6. Modulation of VBs in the atomic medium under a longitudinal magnetic filed^{［109-110］}

Fig. 7. Manipulation of VBs by through the spatial quantum coherence effect^{［130，132］}

Fig. 8. Manipulation of VBs by using spatial EIT effect^{［123，134］}

Fig. 9. Trans-spectral vector beam nonlinear conversion via parametric four wave mixing in alkali metal atomic vapor^［149］

Fig. 10. Nonlinear propagation characteristics of hybrid and cylindrical vector light field ^［159］

Fig. 11. Nonlinear propagation properties of scalar and vector light in rubidium vapor^［160］

Fig. 12. Polarization rotation and spatial mode controllable collapse of hybrid vector light field in rubidium atoms ^{［163-164］}