Infrared and Laser Engineering, Volume. 52, Issue 5, 20220691(2023)
Review of the progress of Aeolus space-borne wind measurement lidar
Figures & Tables(11)
![(a) Aeolus 2 B product[28]; (b) Co-polar extinction-to-backscatter ratio data from Aeolus L2 A product, observing Saharan dust across the Atlantic Ocean on June 19, 2020[29]](/Images/icon/loading.gif){kind=icon}
Fig. 5. Cumulative wind speed errors with 500 pulses and 700 pulses simulation
Table 1. Differences between ALADIN and A2D instruments[14]
View tableView in ArticleTable 1. Differences between ALADIN and A2D instruments[14]
Item ALADIN A2D Transmitter Nd:YAG, tripled, diode-pumped Wavelength/nm 355 Operation Burst-mode Continuous Repetition rate/Hz 100 50 Energy per pulse/mJ 150 70 Telescope/m 1.5 0.2 Receiver FOV/µrad 15 100 Nadir angle/(°) 35 20 Altitude/km 408(320) 10
Table 2. A2D validates the activity
View tableView in ArticleTable 2. A2D validates the activity
Year Equipments Results October 2005 A2D Flying at an altitude of 8 to 10 km for about 4 h, the laser single pulse energy is only about 20 mJ and does not provide stable single-frequency operation[ 14 -15 ]November 2007 A2D and 2 µm DWL The number of photons in the analog signal on the Rayleigh receiver differs from the measured value by a factor of 2.5 to 4[ 12 ]2008 A2D and 2 µm DWL At altitudes between 4 and 17 km, the difference in the number of electrons between the simulated signal and the actual measurements is a factor of two[ 13 ]2009 A2D and 2 µm DWL The systematic and random errors of Rayleigh channel are −0.7 m/s and 1.9 m/s, respectively, and those of Mie channel are 1.1 m/s and 1.3 m/s, respectively[ 16 ]2015 A2D and 2 µm DWL Confirm the performance of A2D and the expected calibration applicability of Aeolus satellite, and further improve the satellite wind profile inversion algorithm and correction file[ 17 ]2016 A2D and 2 µm DWL Show the wind observation dataset in dynamic complex scenarios, such as strong wind shear conditions, to prepare for Aeolus data calibration and validation[ 18 ]
Table 3. Partial parameters of Aeolus[27]
View tableView in ArticleTable 3. Partial parameters of Aeolus[27]
Satellite ALADIN Telescope/Front optics Laser transmitter Mean altitude/km Slant angle at satellite Vertical resolution/km Primary mirror diameter/m Receive FOV/μrad Wavelength/nm Energy per pulse/mJ Repetition rate/Hz 320 35° off nadir 0.25-2 1.5 1 354.8 80 50.5 Mie spectrometer Rayleigh spectrometer Detection unit Fizeau useful spectral range/pm Fizeau FWHM/nm Filter separation/pm Filter FWHM/MHz Quantum efficiency Dark current/e−·(pixel·s)−1 0.66 67 2.33 1551/1531(direct/reflected) 85% 1.9
Table 4. Aeolus data accuracy requirements[23]
View tableView in ArticleTable 4. Aeolus data accuracy requirements[23]
Parameter Mission requirements PBL Troposphere Stratosphere Vertical domain/km 0-2 2-16 16-20 Vertical resolution/km 0.5 1 2 Horizontal domain Global Minimum horizontal track data availability (before QC) 95% Precision HLOS component/m·s−1 1 2.5 3(3-5) Unknown bias (HLOS)/m·s−1 0.7 (Errors that cannot be eliminated by instrument correction and ground calibration) Probability of gross errors 5% Data availability, timeliness/h 3
Table 5. Validation activities
View tableView in ArticleTable 5. Validation activities
Activities Rayleigh /m·s−1(SD) Mie /m·s−1(SD) WindVal III(2 µm DWL), 2018[ 34 ]4.75 2.95 AVATARE, 2019[ 43 ]5.27 3.02 De Haute-Provence, 2019[ 33 ]3.2 - The Atlantic ocean, 2018[ 44 ]4.84 1.58 RWP network over China, 2020[ 45 ]4.2 6.82 Long-term validation in Japan, 2019-2021[ 46 ]9.19(B12) 5.98(B12) Ground-based coherent Doppler Lidar network over China, 2022[ 47 ]7.07 3.15 La Réunion Island and the Observatoire de Haute Provence, 2022[ 48 ]6.49 -
Table 6. Comparison of Aeolus and Aeolus2 mission requirements[67]
View tableView in ArticleTable 6. Comparison of Aeolus and Aeolus2 mission requirements[67]
Aeolus Aeolus-2 Range of observation/km 0-20 0-30 Requirement/m·s−1 0-2 km: 1 2-16 km: 2.5 16-20 km: 3-5 0-2 km: 2 2-16 km: 2.5 16-30 km: 5 Number of vertical bins 24 75 Vertical resolution/m 0-2 km: 250 2-16 km: 1000 16-20 km: 2 000 0-2 km: 250 2-16 km: 500 16-30 km: 1000 Horizontal resolution/km 87(Rayleigh)/10(Mie) 1-16:<100(Rayleigh) 10(Mie) 16-30:<200 Wind range/m·s−1 ±100 ±150
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Zhongyu Hu, Lingbing Bu. Review of the progress of Aeolus space-borne wind measurement lidar[J]. Infrared and Laser Engineering, 2023, 52(5): 20220691
Paper Information
Category: Laser & laser optics
Received: Sep. 26, 2022
Accepted: --
Published Online: Jul. 4, 2023
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